Ultracold neutron source based on superfluid helium for the PIK Reactor

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A high density ultracold neutron source based on superfluid helium is going to be created in NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI for scientific research in fundamental physics. The ultracold neutron source is to be installed on the Horizontal Experimental Channel 4 (HEC-4), which is the biggest of available experimental channels of PIK Reactor Complex. Thermal neutron flux density at the channel outlet is expected to be around 3 × 1010 cm–2s–1. The new ultracold neutron source at the PIK Reactor is planned to achieve a density of 2.2 × 103 cm–3 at ultracold neutron neutron guide exit and 200 cm–3 at neutron electric dipole moment spectrometer facility. The designed ultracold neutron guide system is going to support five experimental facilities alternately. At the initial stage the ultracold neutron source is planned to be equipped with already existing PNPI experimental plants: a neutron electric dipole moment spectrometer and neutron lifetime measuring facilities (with a gravitational and magnetic trap). A unique technological cryogenic complex with superfluid helium was designed and realized for this ultracold neutron source. Said complex includes equipment for achieving temperatures down to 1 K and removal of up to 60 W of heat from superfluid helium.

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作者简介

V. Lyamkin

NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: lyamkin_va@pnpi.nrcki.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 188300, Gatchina

A. Serebrov

NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI

Email: lyamkin_va@pnpi.nrcki.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 188300, Gatchina

A. Koptyuhov

NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI

Email: lyamkin_va@pnpi.nrcki.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 188300, Gatchina

S. Ivanov

NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI

Email: lyamkin_va@pnpi.nrcki.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 188300, Gatchina

E. Kolomenskiy

NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI

Email: lyamkin_va@pnpi.nrcki.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 188300, Gatchina

A. Vasilev

NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — PNPI

Email: lyamkin_va@pnpi.nrcki.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 188300, Gatchina

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2. Fig. 1. Evolution of UCN density over time in different UCN sources: ● — PNPI; ▲ — others; empty figures — based on superfluid helium; figures with a dot inside — based on solid deuterium (s-D2); figures filled entirely in black — other methods of obtaining UCN. The current PNPI project of a UCN source based on superfluid helium is marked with a dot in a circle.

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3. Fig. 2. Dependences of the phonon excitation energy (dispersion curves) on the wave vector in superfluid helium: for a free neutron (1) and the Landau curve (2).

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4. Fig. 3. Location of the UCN source with superfluid helium at the PIK reactor. On the left – implementation on the GEK-4 channel. On the right – diagram of the UCN source: 1 – isotopically pure superfluid 4He; 2 – natural helium in a heat exchanger at a temperature of 1 K; 3 – pre-moderator (liquid D2); 4 – graphite; 5 – lead screen; 6 – biological shielding of the UCN source; 7, 8 – multilayer biological shielding of the reactor complex; 9 – GEK-4 channel.

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5. Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the location of the UCN source.

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6. Fig. 5. General view of the equipment of the technological complex of the UCN source at the PIK reactor complex. A — protective casemate of the GEK-4 channel, B — zone of cryogenic equipment of the UCN source, C — zone of experimental installations on UCN beams, D — workshop for experiments on UCN beams, E — room of the UCN source operator. 1 — intra-casemate part of the UCN source, 2 — vessels with isotopically pure 4He, 3 — vacuum pumping system of helium vapor, 4 — helium and deuterium pipelines.

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7. Fig. 6. Structural diagram of the UCN source (description of units further in the text).

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8. Fig. 7. Progress in lowering the upper limit of the neutron electric dipole moment dn. ▼ — ORNL-Harvard, ● — ORNL-ILL, ■ — ILL-sussex-RAL, ♦ — PSI, ▲ — PNPI. Results up to 1980 were obtained using cold neutrons. The last point is a forecast of the result that will be obtained by 2025 at the new UCN source at the PIK reactor.

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