Vol 100, No 11 (2021)

Introduction. A review of the judicial practice of securing land use rights on the territory of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) of sources of centralized household drinking water supply of the population, a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign approaches to the legal regulation of sanitary protection of sources of centralized household drinking water supply (starting now – SPZ). The computational methods for assessing the spread of pollutants and determining the size of the boundaries of the 2 nd zone of the WSS for water sources, analysis of the degree of protection of aquifers of drinking water supply sources, which can become an alternative to expensive measures to prohibit economic activities in the territory of the SPZ, have been updated. The data on the water pollution of the sources of the centralized drinking water supply of the population of the Russian Federation, the Moscow River, on the effect of surface runoff polluted with persistent organic substances on the sanitary state of surface waters are presented.

Material and methods. Methods of the survey, comparative analysis were applied to assess the legal regulation of sanitary protection of sources of centralized drinking water supply to the population in urbanized areas, hygienic assessment of water pollution, correlation and regression analysis.

Results. The data of field studies of surface water bodies and groundwater in the Russian Federation indicate the low efficiency of wastewater treatment to ensure water quality safety in the sources of centralized drinking water supply to the population. On the one hand, the low efficiency of groundwater protection and the ability to protect groundwater due to natural conditions are shown. Judicial practice confirms the need to establish the security of a water supply source from wastewater when justifying health hazards and violations of current regulations.

Conclusion. The analysis of the legal regulation of the protection of sources of centralized economic water supply to the population and treatment, wastewater disposal showed that the issues of the legal status of the territory of the SPZ of water sources are not developed. The need to standardize approaches to the organization of SPZ and the methods used to ensure the protection of sources of centralized drinking water supply to the population was not evaluated.

Contribution:
Zholdakova Z.I. — concept and design of the study;
Sinitsyna O.O. — concept and design of the study, text editing;
Turbinsky V.V. — collection and processing of the material, research design, text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 04, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. As new toxic substances accumulate in water bodies, improving the reliability of the hygienic assessment of water quality is put forward in the first place. For the correct solution of this problem, it is relevant to use the direct comparison of deterministic quantities such as the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of toxic pollutants with the result of its measurements (C) and methods of approach for evaluating the results of research.

Material and methods. To improve the reliability of hygienic assessment of water quality in the proposed method tolerance control, envisaging the elucidation of the implementation type inequality and estimation of the probability of this event: where is the risk of false imprisonment. The number of concurrent measurements of water quality parameters guaranteeing an acceptable level of risk of error of research results is established by the authority of sanitary-epidemiological supervision, receiving a limited level of tolerable error taking into account the possibilities of metrological assurance of conformity assessment/quality of water and its normative level.

Results. It is shown that in cases when the compliance of controlled safety indicators is evaluated, the values of which are limited on both sides, as is the case when studying the physiological usefulness of water, it is necessary to establish a two-way range of values of the permissible probability of violation of the specified requirements. 

Conclusion. First installed: the rule “if it is impossible to argue that controlled water quality indicators do not meet hygienic requirements. Thus requirements are met” is not equivalent to the law “if the indicators meet the requirements, then they can’t be inappropriate”, which more reliably indicates compliance with these requirements.

Contribution:
Rakhmanin Yu.А. — concept and design of the research, editing, approval of the article’s final version, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Rosenthal O.M. — concept and design of the research, collection and processing of material statistical processing, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was carried out in the framework of the scientific program of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a topic no. 0147-2019-0004 (governmental registration no. АААА-А19-119040990079-3)

Received: February 26, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. The annual growth of medical waste due necessitates a comprehensive approach to solving the issue of medical waste management. It is necessary to develop unified methodical strategies for the complex solution.

The objective of the study. To substantiate the hygienic efficiency of the thermal decontamination of class B and C medical waste based on geo-informational system (GIS) technologies in the Krasnoyarsk region for five consecutive years. 

Materials and methods. Medical institutions (MI) of the Krasnoyarsk region’s three macro districts were studied as class B and C waste sources. At the first stage, the composition of wastes by classes and their volumes were determined, and local technologies of thermal deactivation available in medical organizations were identified. The received information was subjected to statistical processing, stratified on electronic maps to apply GIS technologies further. 

Results. Based on statistical processing of data on medical class B and C waste generation in separate MO, the analysis of operating technologies capacity in 2014-2015 based on GIS-technology of spatial analysis, construction of optimal transport ways of waste delivery, area mapping in the three districts in the Krasnoyarsk region have been substantiated proposals to optimize medical waste management for five years.

Conclusion. To have an environmentally and epidemiologically safe system of handling class B and C waste in the region, it is necessary to create a comprehensive functional model based on GIS technology, taking into account the optimal combination of decentralized and centralized systems, regional features of the transport network, and the prospects of health care system development.

Contribution:
Mironenko O.V. — scientific guidance, concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Lomtev A.Yu. — work with GIS technologies, mapping;
Fedorova E.A. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Soprun L.A. — hygienic technology assessment, statistical processing;
Frolova N.M., Kopytenkova O.I., Levanchuk A.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Obukhov D.A. — statistical processing, editing.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was carried out on the basis of the contract of LLC "Institute of Design, Ecology and Hygiene" under the State contract No. 326/13 dated 06.03.2014.

Received: Jule 1, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. The adverse negative effect of forest fire smoke on human health represents a unique interdisciplinary challenge to the scientific community. The influence of forest fire smoke on locomotor activity, cognitive indices, and brain bioelectrical activity parameters in exposed rats is presented.

Materials and methods. Experimental studies were carried out on outbred white male rats. The animals of the experimental group were exposed to smoke inhalation forest fire for one day. Immediately after the end of the exposure, the animals were examined, including testing in an open field and Morris water maze, as well as an electroencephalographic examination.

Results. At twenty-four-hour exposure to wildfire smoke in the model, conditions showed increasing motor and research activity of male rats against the backdrop of growing anxiety. Disorders of indicators of spatial memory and navigation learning were not revealed. On the encephalogram of the exposed animals, in comparison with the control group, the δ-rhythm range predominated, more pronounced in the leads of the right hemisphere. A decrease in the power spectrum and the average amplitude β1-rhythm, as well as a tendency to decrease the average amplitude of θ-rhythm, were revealed. The indices of the primary EEG rhythms did not have statistically significant differences when compared with the control group.

Conclusion. The results showed that forest fire smoke leads to changes in the bioelectric activity of brain structures and dysregulation of individual behaviour in animals, all of which may indicate the formation of increased levels of stressing beyond physiological adaptation.

Contribution:
Sosedova L.M. — concept, literature search, writing, design of the article;
Vokina V.A. — concept, literature search, conducting an experiment, writing, designing an article;
Novikov M.A. — search and translation of literary sources, conducting an experiment, writing a text;
Andreeva E.S. — conducting an experiment, processing the results;
Rukavishnikov V.S. — leadership, analytical work, discussion of relevance and results.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. Financing was carried out at the expense of funds allocated for the implementation of the state task. 

The conclusion of the Local Ethical Committee  (LEC) of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research: the work was carried out in compliance with the rules of humane treatment of animals following the requirements of the International Recommendations for Biomedical Research Using Animals (WHO, Geneva, 1985) and the Rules of Laboratory Practice (Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated August 23, 2010, No. 708n). Local Ethics Committee (Protocol of the LEC of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research No. Е32 / 19 dated 09/10/2019) permitted to conduct experiments.

Received: May 12, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. Mental health is an integral part of health, and its disorders are fraught with social and economic costs for the individual and society. According to WHO, depression is the most common disease and the leading cause of disability globally; it affects 350 million people. The analysis of new data and concepts on these issues is relevant. 

The aim of the work is to study the problem of stress at work and mental health disorders with an analysis of the concept of allostasis and allostatic load as an integral indicator of stress.

A literature search was conducted through September 2020 using the Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/home.uri) and MedLine/PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) scientific literature databases. Key search terms included “mental health problems,” “mental health in the workplace,” “working condition,” “anxiety,” “burnout,” and “depression. Full-text articles published in English in journals with DOIs were reviewed.

There are considered work-related stressors, also called psychosocial risks. Data on the types and amounts of medico-social damage from mental health disorders in European countries and the United States are presented. The Italian experience in limiting work-related stress is reviewed in detail. There are given examples of legislation to restrict psychosocial risks at work in European countries, as well as patterns of recognition of the connection between mental disorders and work. The biomedical paradigm shift — from homeostasis to allostasis — is analyzed, and allostasis and allostatic load is described as integral indicator of chronic work stress. Despite an abundance of work on anxiety and depression, there is no unity in the literature in understanding the mechanisms and stages of mental health disorders from stress at work. It is not clear what better reflects the effects of chronic work-related stress: allostatic stress or metabolic syndrome. Stress, depression and burnout — what is the relation between them? We can discuss a logical chain: occupational risk factors — fatigue, stress — depression, burnout, health disorder, and occupational deformity. The questions of ICD-11, expected to appear in 2021, and, in particular, burnout syndrome, are outlined. The possibilities of information technologies and the Internet in preventing and treating mental health disorders are considered.

Conclusions. The increasing role of stress problems in the life of modern society is noted. The methods of psychosocial risk factors limitation and mental health disorders diagnostics need to be developed. Internet-based programs for the preservation and promotion of mental health (e-MentalHealth) are promising.

Contribution:
Bukhtiyarov I.V. — editing the text;
Denisov E.I. — concept, research design, literature data collection, text writing, material collection and data processing;
Zhovnerchuk E.V. — text writing, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; Serikov V.V. – text writing, editing;
Khatin D.E. — text writing, editing, collection of literature data;
Moskovenko A.V. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 13, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. The work of medical workers belongs to the most complex, responsible types of human activity. It is associated with the impact of a complex of adverse factors: chemical, biological, physical, the severity and intensity of labour. Due to the high occupational risk, the problem of the formation and preservation of the health of medical workers is urgent.

The aim of the work is to determine the dynamic characteristics of occupational morbidity and its structure among medical workers of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2013–2020. 

Materials and methods. The occupational morbidity rate among medical workers during 2013-2020 was studied with the materials of the professional centre of the Republic: a notification on the establishment of a final diagnosis of chronic occupational disease and a consolidated annual report on the activities of central occupational pathology. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the «Statistika 8» application software package.

Results. The average annual incidence of occupational morbidity is 0.92±0.12 cases per 10 thousand health workers. They occupied an average of 7.0% of all occupational diseases established over the years in the Republic. The incidence rate tends to decrease. Among occupational patients of health workers, 73.9% are nurses, 15.3% are healthcare staff, 10.8% are doctors. Allergic diseases dominate the nosological structure of occupational diseases. They make up 63.3% of the total pathology, half of which is in bronchial asthma.

Discussion. In medical workers, infection occurs through direct contact with a sick patient or biological material. Allergic responses occur to the presence of drugs and disinfectants. Occupational disease tuberculosis was diagnosed at the age of 43.3±6.4 years and experience of 16.6 years; hepatitis at the age of 38.2 years and experience 15.0 years; bronchial asthma — at the age of 49.4 years and an experience of 26.4 years; allergic reactions — at the age of 47.6±6.3 years and the experience of 25.8±3.7 years.

Conclusion. There were identified features in incidence and its structure among doctors and paramedical workers. The basis of the concept of prevention of occupational diseases among health workers should be a system of primary prevention measures to reduce the impact of adverse factors of the working environment and the labour process, maintaining occupational and general health.

Contribution:
Karamova L.M. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, text writing, editing;
Valeeva E.T. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Vlasova N.V. — compiling a list of references;
Khafizova A.S. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 4, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. Microbiocenosis is a self-regulating system of relationships between the body and microflora. Ensuring the technological process of agricultural production involves contact with conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microflora. The spread of antibacterial drug resistance is a matter of concern.

Materials and methods. There was studied the microbiocenosis of the upper respiratory tract in agricultural enterprises: in the absence of inflammatory diseases; the clinical picture of diseases of the ENT organs, and the susceptibility of the isolated strains to antibacterial drugs.

Results. Working conditions of employees correspond to classes 3.1-3.3. Typical representatives are strains of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Corynebacterium. The etiological share of S. Aureus, C. Albicans, E. Coli, Kl. Pneumoniae, Ps. Aeruginosa, predominates in the formation of inflammatory diseases. Staphylococcus are most susceptible to Cefotaxime and Sparfloxacin, followed by Cefepime, Levofloxacin and Amikacin. Strains of Kl. pneumoniae are susceptible to Cefotaxime and Sparfloxacin; strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa — to Cefepime and Ceftazidim; C. Albicans and C. crusei — to Amphotericin B and Fluconazole.

Conclusion. The complex industrial factors of agricultural production contributes to the violation of the ratio of microbial associations even against the background of clinical health, which is a risk factor for the development of inflammatory processes. S. Aureus strains; Candida Albicans; Klebsiella Pneumoniae play the leading role. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. Coli. The isolates demonstrate multidrug resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

Contribution:
Masyagutova L.M., Gainullina M.K. — concept and design of the study;
Gizatullina L.G. — writing the text; collection and processing of material;
Vlasova N.V., Khairullin R.U. — collection and processing of material;
Rafikova L.A. — writing the text;
Aralbaev Kh.F., Ivanova R.Sh. — statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 22, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. Neurofunctional state is an essential criterion in assessing the quality of the regulatory mechanisms of autonomic and somatic functions that determine the prognosis and course of vibration disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).

Objective of the study is to identify neurophysiological signs of changes in the functional state of the nervous system in patients with vibration disease caused by the combined effects of local and general vibration (VD com.) in combination with DM2.

Materials and Methods. The group I included (n = 33) — VD com. patients, group II — 30 cases with VD com., burdened with DM2. We used neuroenergy mapping (NEM), registration of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP). Statistica software was used for statistical processing. 

Results. Analysis of the severity of changes in DC-potential level in both groups established a statistically significant predominance of persons with an increased average DC-potential level. In group II, when compared with group I, there was an increase in the latency of components N9, N10, N11, N13, N18, N20, N25, N30, bipolar DC-potential level Cz-Pz, local DC-potential level in the central lead of the right hemisphere, decrease in DC-potential level in the central parietal region, bipolar potentials Fpz -Ts, Cz-Td, Pz-Oz. As a result of discriminant analysis, the following signs were obtained: indices of the latent period of the peak N13, the duration of the interpeak interval N10-N13, DC-potential level of the central parietal, right central, frontal right, frontal central leads.

Discussion. The presence of DM2 in VD com. patients accompanied by disturbances in the neurofunctional state caused by a slowdown in the passage of an afferent impulse at the peripheral and central levels, a decrease in energy exchange in the frontal, central-parietal regions with its increase in the occipital, temporal parts of both hemispheres.

Conclusion. Neurophysiological signs of changes in the functional state of the nervous system in VD com. patients with DM2 are a decrease in DC-potential level in the parietal central, frontal central, an increase in the latent period of the peak N13, the duration of the inter-peak interval N10-N13, DC-potential level in the central and frontal regions of the right hemisphere of the brain.

Contribution:
Shevchenko O.I. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing writing a text, editing;
Rusanova D.V. — collection of material and data processing, editing;
Lakhman O.L. — research concept, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 6, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. The formation of toxic liver damage is carried out with the participation of various mechanisms of pathological processes. Chemicals, drugs and alcohol play a significant role. Timely and correct selection of correction drugs will help reduce the risk of toxic organ damage.

The aim of the study is a comparative assessment of the hepatoprotective activity of oxymethyluracil in the early stages of exposure to various toxic agents.

Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male outbred white rats with a single injection of hepatotoxicants (carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, ethanol) and a correction drug — oxymethyl uracil — followed by the study of biochemical parameters 1 and 3 days after the introduction of the chemical agent.

Results. As a result of the studies carried out, it was found that specific metabolic changes are noted already one day after exposure to toxicants in the body of animals. Correction of tetrachloromethane and paracetamol intoxication with oxymethyl uracil leads to the normalization of the functional state of hepatocytes.

Conclusion. Oxymethyl uracil exhibits hepatoprotective properties already in the early stages of acute toxic liver damage (1-3 days), being most effective in tetrachloromethane and paracetamol intoxication.

Contribution:
Khusnutdinova N.Yu. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Repina E.F. — concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, editing;
Karimov D.O., Yakupova T.G., Smolyankin D.A. — a collection of material and data processing;
Timasheva G.V. — a collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;
Mustafin A.G. — oxymethyl uracil synthesis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was carried out at the expense of subsidies to implement a state task within the framework of the sectoral research program of Rospotrebnadzor “Hygienic scientific substantiation of minimizing risks to the health of the population of Russia” for 2016-2020 on topic 3.5, State no. registration AAAA-A16-116022610045-4.

Conclusion of the bioethical commission: the study was approved by the bioethical commission of the “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology”, carried out per the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), the directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Received: June 02, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. Considering the prevalence of acute alcohol poisoning in Russia, it seems urgent to search for new effective means of correcting them. Along with taking measures to remove ethanol from the body, pathogenetic correction is effective. Oxymethyluracil and its derivatives have proven to be effective hepatoprotectors in various experimental models of liver damage. 

The aim of the research was the evaluation of the effectiveness of oxymethyl uracil on the model of acute alcohol intoxication. 

Material and methods. On the model of acute toxic liver injury of laboratory animals with ethanol, the efficiency of correction of pathological changes with oxymethyl uracil was studied compared to the drug “Mexidol”. A complex of biochemical, morphological and genetic studies was carried out.

Results. The morphological studies showed that the correction with oxymethyluracil was more effective at both time points than the drug “Mexidol”, which was manifested in a lower intensity of damage to the liver parenchyma. In the group that received oxymethyluracil, a restoration of the frequency of expression of the Chek 1 gene was observed both after 24 and 72 hours. Upon acute exposure to ethanol, a slight decrease in the level of RIPK1 gene expression was observed. The level of expression of this gene decreased most significantly during the correction of oxy methyl uracil. A decrease in the frequency of expression of this gene can indicate a slowdown in necrosis processes and suppression of reactive oxygen species production in liver cells and, consequently, a curative effect of oxymethyluracil in this type of intoxication.

Conclusion. Based on the complex biochemical, morphological and genetic studies carried out, it can be concluded that under acute exposure to ethanol, the corrective effect of oxymethyl uracil is more pronounced than Mexidol (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate).

Contribution:
Bakirov A.B. — the concept and design of the study;
Repina E.F. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text;
Karimov D.O. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing;
Baygildin S.S., Timasheva G.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Gimadieva A.R. — oxymethyluracil synthesis;
Yakupova T.G., Khusnutdinova N.Yu. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The work was carried out at the expense of subsidies for the implementation of a state task within the framework of the sectoral research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) “Hygienic scientific substantiation of minimizing risks to the health of the population of Russia” for 2016-2020 on topic 3.5, the state no. registration AAAA-A16-116022610045-4. The synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-6-methyl uracil composition was carried out under the research plan of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State Registration No. AAAA-A19-119011790021-4).

Conclusion of the bioethical commission: the study was approved by the bioethical commission of the “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology”, carried out per the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), the directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63 / EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Received: June 8, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with devastating effects on most organ systems. After absorption, cadmium is transported throughout the body, primarily by binding to proteins by metallothioneins. It is believed that the mechanisms of cadmium-induced transformation arise due to the disruption of zinc-dependent cellular processes. This part is due to the structural and physical similarities between zinc and cadmium. More than half of the incoming cadmium is deposited in the liver and kidneys. The rest part is distributed throughout other organs and their systems.

Materials and methods. In total, 40 white outbred rats of both sexes weighing 170–230 g were used in the experiment; they were formed into four experimental groups of 10 animals each, depending on the dose of the injected toxicant. Liver tissue samples were used as research materials, in the homogenate of which the quantitative content of Cd and Zn was determined, as well as the mRNA level of the MT1 and ZIP1 genes.

Results. It was found that the most pronounced activity of the MT1 gene in liver tissues was achieved when animals were administered cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (2.69 ± 0.37; p = 0.017), while the multiplicity of expression of the ZIP1 gene showed the maximum value of the level of transcripts with the minimum dose of toxin (2.70 ± 0.37; p = 0.007). It was also revealed that the highest concentration of zinc in the liver tissue was observed with the introduction of cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (33.84 ± 0.53; p <0.001), and the concentration of cadmium increased along with an increase in the dose of the toxicant (0, 0049 ± 0.0003; 0.0203 ± 0.0024; 0.664 ± 0.007; 0.76 ± 0.0089).

Conclusion. Thus, a comprehensive study of the expression of genes for metallothioneins and zinc transporters can be used as a biomarker of poisoning with cadmium and its compounds.

Contribution:
Ziatdinova M.M. — the concept and design of the study, the collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Valova Ya.V. — collection and processing of the material;
Mukhammadiyeva G.F., Fazlieva A.S., Karimov D.D., Kudoyarov E.R. — collection and processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The budget topic within the sectoral program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing

Conclusion of the bioethical commission: the study was approved by the bioethical commission of the “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology”, carried out per the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), the directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63 / EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Received: May 20, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. The activities of enterprises engaged in the production, preparation, transportation and primary processing of oil are associated with the formation and accumulation of a large amount of waste (spent drilling fluids, drilling mud, oil sludge, spent catalysts, etc.), which leads to pollution of environmental objects and can contribute to the formation of adverse effects on public health.

Materials and methods. The sanitary and hygienic state of atmospheric air, soil, the water of surface (rivers, lakes) and underground (wells, wells, springs) water sources, the water of centralized water supply systems in the territories of large oil fields the Republic of Bashkortostan is carried out. The origins of information were data from many years of in-house research, the regional information fund of the Sanitary Hygienic Monitoring, and departmental laboratories.

Results. Studies have found that in areas of oil production, the content of chemicals in concentrations exceeding hygienic standards is detected: in the atmospheric air — dihydrosulfide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide; in underground waters — chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, iron, strontium, increased mineralization and general hardness; in the soil — sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, petroleum products. Contamination of water from underground water sources and atmospheric air can contribute to the risk of adverse effects from individual organs and systems, as well as carcinogenic hazards. Based on the results of the study, ecological and hygienic recommendations were developed.

Conclusion. As a result of the study, the level of public health risk associated with environmental factors in the oil-producing region was assessed, and a set of hygienic measures was justified.

Contribution:
Valeev T.K. — research concept and design, material collection and data processing, text writing;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — editing;
Suleymanov R.A., Malysheva A.G. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Gimranova G.G. — collecting literature data, writing a text;
Rakhmatullin N.R. — collection of material and data processing, collection of literature data;
Rakhmatullina L.R. — material collection and data processing, statistical processing;
Baktybayeva Z.B. — material collection and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 22, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

Introduction. Since the share of sensorineural hearing loss in the structure of occupational morbidity in the Russian Federation increased by 1.5 times in 2018 compared to 2007, it is essential to ensure the reliability of the results of diagnostic studies to establish the fact of hearing impairment as a result of occupational noise.

Materials and methods. Retrospectively for the period 2008-2017 the analysis of the prevalence and dynamics of occupational hearing loss in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) was carried out. Objectification of the state of the auditory sensory analyzer was carried out in 30 patients with occupational hearing loss using tonal threshold audiometry and registration of short-latency auditory evoked potentials.

Results. In the RB, the number of occupational diseases caused by exposure to physical factors has doubled, mainly due to occupational hearing loss with a mild course of the process. The obtained indicators of short-latency auditory evoked potentials determined the difference in the latencies of the recorded potentials, amplitudes and intervals in persons with impaired auditory function of professional origin and in a group of persons from the control group who did not have industrial acoustic contact.

Conclusion. The increase in the number of patients with occupational hearing loss requires the development of measures for their timely and objective diagnosis and medical care. The method of recording short-latency auditory evoked potentials is sensitive and quite informative in diagnosing hearing loss from exposure to occupational noise.

Contribution:
Volgareva A.D. — concept and design of research, writing, editing;
Shaykhlislamova E.R., Gimranova G.G. — concept and study design, editing;
Gallyamova S.A. — collection and processing, statistical analysis, writing of the text;
Shapoval I.V. — collection and processing, statistical processing;
Chudnovets G.M., Hafizova A.S. — collection and processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 6, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: November 30, 2021

In the second part of the review, examples of cytome analysis on both peripheral blood lymphocytes and human buccal epiteliocytes are given in the study of occupational risks and investigation of genome instabilities induced by alcohol and tobacco use. Much attention is paid to the cytome analysis application in environmental and hygienic research and the studies directed to evaluating natural and anthropogenic load to the human population, especially industrial, factors. The method of cytome analysis on primary culture of human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultivated with a cytokinetic block (CBMN-cyt test) in its current state is described in detail, and the history of its development is briefly reflected. The method of cytome analysis on human buccal epiteliocytes (BMN-cyt) is also analyzed. The review contains photomicrographs of genetic cell damages that are markers in micronuclei (MN) tests. We used PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Scopus, eLibrary databases as the sources of literature.

Contribution:
Krivtsova E.K. — search of literature sources, analysis and interpretation of literature data, writing a text;
Ingel F.I. — the concept and design of the study, a search of literature sources;
Akhaltseva L.V. — search of literature sources, analysis and interpretation of literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 27, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021