Том 102, № 2 (2023)

Introduction. An assessment of the contribution of manmade emissions into the atmosphere to the incidence of lung cancer in the Russian Federation is made. For an assessment data from official state statistics on emissions into the atmosphere of the Russian Federation and indicators of the incidence rate of lung cancer by regions of the Russian Federation were used.

Materials and methods. Linear regression analysis was used as a statistical method of research. The optimality of the regression model by the number of predictors was determined by the Akaike information criterion.

Results. Limits obtained with 90% confidence are the contributions of complex atmospheric technogenic emission to the incidence of lung cancer of 2.2 (–0.7; 5.2)% for men and 3.7 (0.5; 6.7)% for women, that is statistically significant. The values of chemical oncological risks from emissions are respectively equal to 1.5·10^–5 and 6.2·10^–6 per year and don’t exceed the standards of socially acceptable chemical risk 10^–4.

Limitations. The main limitation of this study is not to take into account competing risks from other factors of atmospheric pollution, such as smoking, radon.

Conclusion. The results of this study, due to the significant limitations of the regression model, should be considered to be preliminary and determine the directions of the main research within the framework of the actual problem under consideration.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the opinion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee or other documents, as it uses data from open official state statistics. 

Contribution:
Gorski A.I. — calculations and analysis of the results, writing the text;
Tumanov K.A. — prepare the database and tables required for analysis;
Chekin S.Yu. — analysis of the results, writing the text;
Ivanov V.K. — problem statement, general guidance of the task.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August, 12, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. WHO considers human fascioliasis to be a global epidemic threat of a parasitic nature.

Materials and methods. The studies were carried out using methods of in vivo diagnostics used in medical and veterinary parasitology (the method of successive washings of feces; the Fülleborn method or the flotation-sedimentation method by Demidov) in relation to samples of feces and soils. In total, in six subjects of Russia to study the spread of fascioliasis in animals in the conditions of slaughterhouses, there were examine the liver in 1800 heads of slaughter sheep, 700 heads of goats, 1000 heads of cows and only 6000 soil samples for the detection of Fasciola hepatica eggs.

In 2011–2019, medical services of 6 subjects of the Caspian region in 21 settlements carried out scatological diagnostics of the population aged 8 to 65 years, in the amount of 25 thousand people, to clarify the incidence of human fascioliasis. The results of the studies were statistically processed according to the method of N.A. Plokhinsky using the software Microsoft Excel 2008. The occurrence index — the percentage of individuals or eggs of F. hepatica in relation to the total number of examined objects — was based on monitoring and analysis of reports from regional divisions of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia for 2011–2019.

Results. Coproovoscopy of 25 thousand samples of faeces for the presence of eggs of the pathogen of fascioliasis, taken from the population of 21 cities of the Caspian region of the Russian Federation, revealed their absence. The trend in the index of occurrence of goat fascioliasis in 2011–2019. had an annual growth trend of 0.03%; in sheep by 0.06%; in cattle by 0.05%, which also characterizes the lack of control measures.

In 6 Republics of the Caspian region, the indices of occurrence and abundance of fascioliasis in goats, sheep and cows increased by 2–2.5 times, which indicates the threat of invasion to the development of livestock industries. Soil samples taken for research were contaminated with invasive elements of Fasciola hepatica in 100% of cases.

Conclusion. The occurrence and abundance indices of F. hepatica eggs were found to be 0, which indicates epidemic well-being in relation to zoonosis. Research conducted indicate to the gain in the incidence index of fascioliasis in goats, sheep, and cows. The 100% contamination of the territories of rural pastures and remote mountain pastures with invasive elements of Fasciola hepatica is a biological and sanitary-hygienic threat to livestock and the population of the Caspian region of Russia.

Contribution:
Kabardiev S.Sh. — analysis of the research, writing the text;
Aliev A.Yu. — data processing, text writing, statistical processing;
Aigubova S.А. — collection of material and data processing;
Bittirov A.M. — analysis of the research, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgement. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, project No. 14-50-00034. 

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Received: October 4, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. The use of microorganisms in biotechnological enterprises, agriculture, and forestry can be accompanied by microbial contamination of the environment and have an adverse effect on the human health.

The purpose of the research is to develop and put into practice quantitative criteria for the pathogenicity of biotechnological microorganisms as the first stage in assessing their safety.

Materials and methods. Lethal dose (LD₅₀) and “threshold” (Lim_bact) doses, dissemination in internal organs, toxigenicity, and “pathogenicity enzymes” of thirty-three strains of saprophytic, opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, 250 strains of 10 genera proposed for use in biotechnology, and 11 strains already used as active biopreparation substances were investigated.

Results. Based on the criteria for primary sanitary and hygienic assessment, microorganisms were selected into three groups: strains recommended for industrial use; strains at risk of application; strains not recommended for use. Among the studied 250 strains of microorganisms proposed for use in biotechnology, 38.9% did not have pathogenic properties and can be used, 41.0% are conditionally pathogenic and are at risk of use, and 20.1% are not recommended for use in biotechnology due to the presence of pathogenic properties. A study of the pathogenic properties of 11 strains of bacteria that are the part of modern biological products showed that they belong to non-pathogenic microorganisms.

Limitations. The development and testing of the criteria for the primary sanitary and hygienic assessment of microorganisms proposed for biotechnology were carried out on a large material (more than 250 strains) with a single exposure to high doses, which did not allow us to assess the specific effects of exposure to strains during long-term exposure and may be the subject of further research.

Conclusion. The criteria for the primary sanitary and hygienic assessment of microorganisms proposed for use in biotechnologies include average lethal and “threshold” doses dissemination in internal organs, toxigenicity and activity of “pathogenicity enzymes”. All planned for use in biotechnology microorganisms should be examined for possible pathogenic properties. Biological products used in real time in the national economy contain only saprophytic microorganisms as an active substance. The problem of biosafety should be solved in the direction of studying the specific effect of microorganisms and biological products on the immune system influence and the state of the microcenosis of the body.

Compliance with ethical standards. The conducted study does not require a conclusion on biomedical ethics since it is a generalization of many years of work of researchers on this issue.

Contribution:
Korolik V.V., Sheina N.I. — concept and design of the study, statistical analysis, writing text, editing;
Mjalina L.I. — сollection and processing of material;
Sazonova L.P. — сollection of material;
Drugova E.D. — material processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 29, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. The cardiovascular system is an integral indicator of the body’s adaptive responses.

Goal is a comparative analysis of the function of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in persons with different nutritional status, working on a rotational basis.

Materials and methods. Two groups of healthy men were observed: those with normal nutritional status (NNS, n = 14) and those with increased body weight (IBW, n = 13). Working conditions were evaluated according to the degree of harmfulness and danger. The examination was carried out twice: before the start and after 2 months. after shift work. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR) were measured. The Robinson index, endurance coefficient, vegetative Kerdo index, and circulatory efficiency coefficient were calculated.

Results. Working conditions were characterized by work at night in an open area, irregularity of shifts, unregulated breaks for rest, the influence of noise and vibration. In the initial state, body weight in NNS individuals was 74.1±1.1 kg versus 91.8±2.7 kg (p=0.001) in IBW persons; HR – 60.0±2.3 versus 73.1±2.0 (p=0.001). After shift work, body weight decreased by 22.2% and 50.0% in persons in the comparison groups. Integral indicators indicated a more negative response of the cardiovascular system to working conditions in IBW people: less resistance to stress (eurance coefficient), lower performance (efficiency ratio of blood circulation), a higher level of hemodynamic load (Robinson index), in NNS people there were dominated by parasympathetic influences, 33.3% of IBW persons had sympathetic influences.

Limitations. Healthy males working on a rotational basis, with a normal nutritional status and with overweight and obesity.

Conclusion. Overweight and obesity negatively affect the cardiovascular system, reducing the functional reserves of the body. Under unfavourable working conditions, the changes are also more pronounced than in the group of people with a normal nutritional status.

Compliance with ethical standards. The work was carried out in accordance with the conclusion of the Ethics Committee of the Volga Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, protocol No. 4 dated March 14, 2022.

Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".

Conribuiton:
Rakhmanov R.S. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Istomin A.A. — editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Bogomolova E.S. — collection of literature data, editing the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Narutdinov D.A. — collection and systematization, statistical processing of the material;
Razgulin S.A. — participation in the interpretation of the results, preparation of the text of the article;
Kalyuzhny E.A. — participation in the statistical processing of the material. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 24, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. Trend analysis of tobacco consumption rates is important for assessing the effectiveness of national tobacco control measures in Belarus.

Materials and methods. The study aims to monitor tobacco smoking among adolescents in Belarus by three repeat national cross sectional surveys conducted before and after introduction the regulatory act tobacco measures entered into force. Prevalence of smoking tobacco, cigarettes, electronic cigarettes and other aspects related to smoking among 13–15 years adolescents were estimated from the 2004, 2015 and 2021 Global Youth Tobacco (GYT) Surveys (n = 4523, n = 2992, n = 3493 respectively) conducted in Belarus.

Results. The data evidenced a successful anti-tobacco policy and an improvement in the tobacco consumption and tobacco consumption by 13–15 years adolescents, expressed in reduction of many indicators. Prevalence of current cigarettes smokers significantly decreased from 26.5% in 2004 to 4.7% in 2021. Despite of current reduction of various types of tobacco smokers current GYTS data revealed that electronic cigarettes are extremely popular among adolescents — around 15%. The number of smokeless tobacco users significantly increased by 3 times.

Limitations. In order to study the tobacco consumption levels and other aspects related to smoking a survey of 11,000 adolescent students in 2004, 2015 and 2021 was conducted among schoolchildren (13–15 years old), which is a sufficient reference sample.

Conclusions. Thus, the identified positive trends in tobacco smoking (5-fold reduction in the number of cigarette smokers, decrease in susceptibility to smoking, reducing the number of tobacco products smokers and decrease the number of ever tobacco smokers and ever cigarette smokers, decreasing the number of frequent cigarette smokers) indicated the effectiveness of a complex multidisciplinary anti-tobacco measures in Belarus. New challenges and negative trends were determined. Amount of electronic cigarettes users were significantly greater than current cigarette smokers’ amount. Moreover, prevalence of users of smokeless tobacco products is getting increased. Despite of extensive legislative framework for the tobacco control there remains substantial potential to strengthen them.

Compliance with ethical standards: the Local ethics committee of the Republican unitary enterprise «Scientific and Practical Centre of Hygiene» of the Ministry of Health.

Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".

Contribution:
Sychik S.I. — editing the concept and design of the study, editing the text, integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version;
Pronina T.N. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: September 20, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. The functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to some extent affects various aspects of human health and general well-being. One of the main ANS functions is to ensure adaptation to the factors of the external and internal environment, carried out by the coordinated activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic links. Determining the predominant type of ANS reactivity according to the characteristics of the heart rhythm makes it possible to predict the adaptive capabilities of the child’s body in the learning process in a personalized way.

The aim of the study was to study the trend in heart rate variability in children with special health conditions associated with disorders of the intellectual development, which characterizes the implementation of mechanisms for adapting the body to the conditions of schooling.

Materials and methods. We examined one hundred sixty eight 7–11 years children of primary school age, including 54 children with special health abilities (SHA) (F70, F71), and 114 mentally healthy children. The study of heart rate variability was carried out using the hardware-software complex “ORTO Valeo”. There was analyzed TP, HF, LF, VLF, LF / HF; RMSSD, SDNN, Mo, AMo, ΔX, IN, AMo / Mo, Amo / ΔX; type of vegetative regulation.

Results. In SHA children of primary school age, the LF, VLF, LF / HF indices are increased and HF is decreased relative to the control group, which indicates the predominance of the sympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system over the parasympathetic. When analyzing the spectral components in SHA children of primary school age, VLF (40.6%) and low HF (19.6%) dominate. According to the types of autonomic regulation in SHA children, the following ratio was found 50: 4: 33: 13, the central type of cardiac regulation dominates (type I).

Limitations. The limitation of the study is due to the specifics of the individuals in the observation group — children of primary school age (7–11 years) with special health opportunities associated with mental retardation.

Conclusion. SHA children of primary school age have high activity of sympathetic modulation, reduced resistance to stress, high tension of adaptive responses with the dominance of the central type of regulation of the cardiac activity. The revealed imbalance of the parameters of autonomic regulation in SHA children without corrective measures (including correction of physical status, psychoemotional and educational loads) threatens the development of a breakdown of adaptive responses to the effects of various internal and external factors, contributing to asthenization of regulatory systems.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the biomedical ethics committee of the research institute of medical problems of the North (protocol No. 10 from 11.10.2021), conducted in accordance with the ethical and legal standards set forth in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".

Contribution:
Smirnova O.V. — planning research, writing a text, interpreting the results;
Ovcharenko E.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical data processing, writing a text;
Kasparov Е.V. — the concept and design of the study, formulation of conclusions;
Fefelova V.V. — collection of literature data, interpretation of results, editing of the article.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 25, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. The article discusses the health risks associated with exposure to plutonium and uranium, given in ICRP Publication 150 and relevant in the context of the development of technologies, the production of new types of nuclear fuel.

Cancer risk from plutonium exposure. Exposure to plutonium occurs predominantly in industrial settings. After inhalation and deposition in the respiratory tract, plutonium is eliminated by particle transport to the digestive tract and lymph nodes, and by absorption into the blood. The main risk associated with exposure to plutonium is lung cancer. Comparing the lifetime excess risk of mortality from lung cancer due to external gamma radiation (based on a lifetime survey of Japanese residents who survived the atomic bombing) and internal exposure to plutonium alpha particles (based on a study of Mayak employees), for the same absorbed dose to the lungs, the risk associated with exposure to plutonium alpha particles was found to be greater than the risk associated with external gamma exposure by about 15–16 and 19–22 times.

Cancer risk from exposure to uranium. At present, there is very little evidence to suggest a relationship between internal dose due to uranium exposure and cancer risk. ICRP Publication 150 provides a critical review of the UNSCEAR Report 2016 (2017) and discusses recent epidemiological studies. There are different health hazards at different stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, given the different forms of uranium present at each stage. Estimating doses from exposure to uranium for workers in the nuclear fuel cycle is difficult due to the relatively rapid elimination of uranium from the bloodstream, variability in exposure to uranium compounds, and differences in the methods used to control internal exposure. Based on published research data, it is not possible to quantify the risk of cancer from uranium by doses to individual organs/tissues.

Conclusion. Research was carried out as a part of the study of the properties of new types of nuclear fuel should take into account the comprehensive data presented in ICRP Publication 150. 

Contribution:
Parinov O.V. — the concept and design of the study, the collection of material and data processing, statistical processing, writing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Semenova M.P. — collection of material and data processing, writing the text;
Shandala N.K. — editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Lyaginskaya A.M., Metlyaev E.G., Kuptsov V.V., Bogdanov I.I. — collection of material and data processing, statistical processing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: Augist 8, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Nanocelluloses (NCs) have broad application prospects in medicine as implants, cell scaffolds and dressings, in the production of composite materials and coatings, electronics, food and pharmaceutical products. The main types of NCs include nanofibrous (NFC), nanocrystalline (NCC) cellulose isolated from natural, predominantly plant materials, and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) obtained by microbial synthesis. The production process of NC can include many factors potent of affecting their toxicological characteristics, such as residual amounts of chemicals and enzyme preparations used in the isolation and modification of NC, contamination of NC from natural sources with mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, and dioxins. In the case of NCs of microbial origin, the question of the safety of the respective producer strains remains open, most of which are genetically modified. Special attention deserves the ability of NC to exhibit toxicity to living organisms, different from their chemical counterpart in its traditional form. Expanding the range of products containing NC in close contact with human, primarily food products, packaging materials, pharmacological preparations and medical materials, requires a thorough assessment of the possible risks associated with the impact of NC on the human body.

The purpose of the research is to review the literature over 2010 to 2021 on the potential risks associated with the toxic effects of NC on living organisms through various exposure routes.

Information is provided on toxicity in in vitro systems, in particular, the ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation. There are presented results of studies on inhalation and oral toxicity in vivo, data on carcinogenicity, immune cell response to NC and its ability to induce immunological tolerance. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the studies, various NC types were found to have little effect on cell viability d and acute toxicity in vivo, however, the conflicting results of studies of the pro-inflammatory and immunological effects of different NCs indicate the need for further long-term studies to establish the maximum inactive doses of NC, primarily, with their inhalation and oral intake.

Contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments. The search and analytical work were carried out using the funds of the state assignment grant as part of the Basic Research Program (subject of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 0410-2022-0003).

Received: August 5, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Introduction. The necessity of the analysis of peroxide anion radicals in the aqueous medium as the main element performing a special role in the management of internal processes in the body is substantiated.

Goals and objectives of the study. Creation of methodological support for the determination of a superoxide anion radical in drinking waters, providing metrological characteristics of parameterization of its systemic homeostatic action in a biologically significant concentration range. The task of the study was to find a method and optimal conditions for determining the concentration of peroxide anion radical in drinking waters that differ in their electrochemical parameters.

Materials and methods. As an analytical instrument for measuring ultra-low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in water (more than 0.1 µg/l), a kinetic chemiluminescent analyzer was used (liquid chemiluminescent analyzer “LIK Universal”, TU 9443-001-42844321-03).) Parametrization of the ratio of anion-radical and free molecular forms of hydrogen peroxide in the specified range of its concentrations in water was carried out by HPLC. A capillary cryophysical method based on the selection of chains of self-similar aqueous associates was used to estimate the dimensional parameters of the associates of peroxide anion radicals.

Results. The dependence of the integral chemiluminescence intensity on the concentration of superoxide anion radicals in water was established to be linear only in the range of peroxide concentrations from 0 to 40 µg/l. At the same time, the time to reach the maximum intensity of the glow depends on the concentration of the peroxide anion radical in water. By studying the dimensional parameters of associates of peroxide anion radicals from the content of hydrogen peroxide in water, it was found that in the range of ultra-low concentrations they practically do not change for a sufficiently long time, which is due to the stability of the isomerism of water molecules in this concentration range.

Limitations. The objects, composition, quantitative limits and conditions for measuring anion radical peroxide using this technique apply to drinking water, the quality and control methods of which are regulated by regulatory documents of the international community.

Conclusion. A method for estimating the content of peroxide-anion radical in water based on the use of a kinetic chemiluminescence method with a sensitivity of about 10–1 µg/l in small volumes of water (50–200 µl) has been developed, which has sufficient accuracy and reproducibility for practical purposes.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contributions:
Stekhin A.A. — research design development, verification of critical content, writing of the text, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Yakovleva G.V. — data analysis and interpretation, data processing, review of publications on the topic of the article. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 26, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

Hygienic and sanitary research, as a rule, are related to the selective control. In this case, the decision on the quantitative characteristics of environmental factors or public health is based on the results of checking one or more selections of samples, and environmental quality is assessed by comparing the values of these characteristics with standards, primarily – maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants. Strict legal regulation of such work is necessary, but the current regulatory documents are incomplete and even contradictory. There are erroneous decisions due to unrepresentativeness, not only to the insufficient amount of initial data, but also to their unsatisfactory processing. The consequence of such decisions is unjustified requirements for enterprises that pollute the environment, charging inflated payments for a negative impact on the environment, etc. Using the example of monitoring for highly variable indicators of the quality of natural and waste waters, showed that in order to make a correct conclusion about the fulfillment or violation of hygienic and sanitary requirements, based on a comparison of several samples, it is necessary to equalize their statistical weights. Violation of this condition can lead to the dependence, oriented in one direction in stratified datasets, will acquire the opposite direction after their summation. In preventing such errors, the role of territorial bodies of sanitary and epidemiological control and supervision is essential.

Compliance with ethical standards: the article does not deal with issues regulated by ethical standards.

Contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment of the Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (subject FMWZ-2022-0002).

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: May 31, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: March 25, 2023

15 марта 2023 г. исполняется 95 лет академику РАН Леониду Андреевичу Ильину, Герою Социалистического Труда, лауреату Ленинской и Государственных премий СССР, лауреату Государственной премии Российской Федерации, дважды лауреату премии Правительства Российской Федерации, почётному президенту ФГБУ ГНЦ ФМБЦ им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России, доктору мед. наук, профессору.