Reiβscheiben ingots as markers of copper imports to the market of Medieval Novgorod

Capa

Citar

Texto integral

Acesso aberto Acesso aberto
Acesso é fechado Acesso está concedido
Acesso é fechado Somente assinantes

Resumo

During the Middle Ages, massive ingots were the standard type of copper raw material obtained from European mines and exported across the Baltic and North Seas over vast distances. In Russian literature, they are known as “flat cakes” and “loafs”, while in the foreign one they are referred to as Reißscheiben (torn out disk). The article provides information about 24 cases of finding massive ingots. Most of the finds are concentrated on international trade routes and mark the main directions of movement of copper raw materials from mining operations located in the Western Carpathians, Erzgebirge and Eastern Alps, to the North and Baltic Seas. Recording and mapping of Reißscheiben that were not subject to remelting, and, therefore, retained the primary “isotopic marks”, provide valuable information for identifying sources of metal and establishing the routes of importing metal raw materials to the territory of medieval Rus. Huge volumes of copper shipwreck cargoes can be considered as reference samples when interpreting Pb-Pb data obtained for both different types of ingots and finished products.

Texto integral

Acesso é fechado

Sobre autores

Oleg Oleynikov

Institute of Archaeology RAS

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: olejnikov1960@yandex.ru
Rússia, Moscow

Bibliografia

  1. Agrikola G., 1962. O gornom dele i metallurgii v dvenadtsati knigakh [De re metallica libri XII]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 600 p.
  2. Agrikola G., 1972. O mestorozhdeniyakh i rudnikakh v staroe i novoe vremya [De veteribus et novis metallis libri II]. Moscow: Nedra. 79 p.
  3. Arbin S., Skowronek T., Daly A., Brorsson T., Isaksson S., Seir T., 2022. Tracing Trade Routes: Examining the Cargo of the 15th-Century Skaftö Wreck. International Journal of nautical archaeology, vol. 51, iss. 1, pp. 112–144.
  4. Berezhkov M.N., 1879. O torgovle Rusi s Ganzoy do kontsa XV veka [On the trade between Rus and the Hansa until the end of the 15th century AD]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya V. Bezobrazova i K. 267 p.
  5. Bessudnova M.B., 2013. The vicissitudes of fate (Veliky Novgorod in the system of Russian-Livonian relations of the late 15th century AD). Novgorodskiy istoricheskiy sbornik [Novgorod historical collection], 13 (23). V.L. Yanin, ed. Velikiy Novgorod: Vikont, pp. 171–184. (In Russ.)
  6. Bielicki K.H., Tischendorf G., 1991. Lead isotope and Pb-Pb model age determinations of ores from Central Europe and their metallogenetic interpretation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 106, pp. 440–461.
  7. Bruland K., Ranestad K., Olofsson S., Enget A., Thommesen H., Widmalm H., Hutchison R., Rydén G., Westberg Aas H., Smith K., 2020. Skandinavisk kobber. Lokale forhold og globale sammenhenger i det lange 1700-tallet. Oslo. 229 p.
  8. Craddock P., Hook D., 2012. An economic history of the post-Medieval world in 50 ingots: the British Museum collection of ingots from dated wrecks. Technical Research Bulletin, 6, pp. 55–68.
  9. Craddock P., Hook D., Meeks N., 2010. Ingots from the shipwrecks for the British Museum Collection. Historical Metallurgy Society, 74, pp. 4–5.
  10. Dehn W., 1967. Der Hortfund von Steindorf, Kreis Wetzlar. Fundberichte aus Hessen, 7. Bonn, pp. 55–70.
  11. Dollinger F., 2020. Ganzeyskiy soyuz. Torgovaya imperiya Srednevekov’ya ot Londona i Bryugge do Pskova i Novgoroda [Hanseatic League. Trade empire of the Middle Ages from London and Bruges to Pskov and Novgorod]. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf. 511 p.
  12. Dzhivelegov A.K., 1904. Torgovlya na Zapade v srednie veka [Trade in the West during the Middle Ages]. St. Petersburg: Brokgauz-Efron. 223 p.
  13. Dziekoński T., 1963. Metalurgia miedzi, ołowiu i srebra w Europie środkowej od XV do konca XVIII w. Wrocław; Warszawa; Kraków. 398 p.
  14. Eniosova N.V., Singkh V.K., Stepanov A.M., 2018. Raw ingots of Novgorod jewellers. Neskonchaemoe leto: sbornik statey v chest’ Eleny Aleksandrovny Rybinoy [Endless summer: Collected articles in honour of Elena Aleksandrovna Rybina]. V.K. Singkh, ed. Moscow; Velikiy Novgorod, pp. 62–73. (In Russ.)
  15. Fiedler К., 2016. Large clinker built cargo vessels from the late medieval period in Northern and Western Europe – The Mönchgut 92 wreck in context: Master thesis. University of Southern Denmark. Odense. 236 р.
  16. Forshell H., 1992. The inception of cooper mining in Falun. Stockholm: The archaeological research laboratory Stockholm university. 190 р.
  17. Garbacz-Klempka A., Rzadkosz S., 2009. Metallurgy of copper in the context of metallographic analysis of archeological materials excavated at the Market Square in Krakow. Archives of metallurgy and materials, 54, pp. 281–288.
  18. Garbacz-Klempka A., Rzadkosz S., 2014. Metallurgy in Middle Ages. Raw materials, tools and facilities in source materials and metallographic research. Zbornίk prednášok z medzinárodnej konferencie. Banskej Štiavnici, pp. 99–107.
  19. Garbacz-Klempka A., Rzadkosz S., Suliga I., 2014. The cargo of the Copper Ship in the light of metallurgical research. The Copper Ship. A medieval Shipwreck and its cargo. Gdańsk: National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk, pp. 301–338.
  20. Garbacz-Klempka A., Wardas-Lasoń M., Rzadkosz S., 2012. Miedź i ołów – zanieczyszczenia historyczne na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie. Archives of Foundry Engineering, 12. Kraków, pp. 33–38.
  21. Gaydukov P.G., Oleynikov O.M., 2014. On the sources of raw materials in the Novgorod market of non-ferrous metals in the 15th century AD. Novgorod i Novgorodskaya zemlya. Istoriya i arkheologiya [Novgorod and the Novgorod land. History and archaeology], 28. V.L. Yanin, ed. Velikiy Novgorod, pp. 263–266. (In Russ.)
  22. Gornaya entsiklopediya [Mining encyclopedia], 2. Moscow: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1986. 575 p.
  23. Gramoty Velikogo Novgoroda i Pskova [Manuscripts of Veliky Novgorod and Pskov]. S.N. Valk, ed. M.; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1949. 408 p.
  24. Halaga О.R., 1975. Košice-Balt. Výroba an obchod v styku východoslovenských miest s Pruskom 1275–1526, 1. Košice: Východoslovenské vydavateľstvo. 325 p.
  25. Hänsel B., Schulz Н., 1980. Frühe Kupferverhütung auf Helgoland. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Februar, pp. 11–20.
  26. Henry R., Martinón-Torres M., Benzonell A., 2019. Two Reißscheiben copper ingots from Bromham. The Wiltshire archeological and natural history Magazine, pp. 281–285.
  27. L’Héritier M., Téreygeol F., 2010. From copper to silver: Understanding the saigerprozess through experimental liquation and drying. Historical Metallurgy, vol. 44, part 2, pp. 136–152.
  28. Kazakova N.A., 1961. Russian-Hansean Treaty of 1478. Novgorodskiy istoricheskiy sbornik [Novgorod historical collection], 10. Novgorod, pp. 217–226. (In Russ.)
  29. Konovalov A.A., 2008. Non-ferrous metal (copper and its alloys) in Novgorod products of the 10th–15th centuries AD. Tsvetnye i dragotsennye metally i ikh splavy na territorii Vostochnoy Evropy v epokhu srednevekov’ya [Non-ferrous and precious metals and their alloys in Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages]. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, pp. 7–92. (In Russ.)
  30. Lynch M., 2002. Mining in World History. Globalities. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 350 p.
  31. Martinón-Torres М., Benzonelli А., Stos-Gale Z., Henry R., 2018. Argentiferous copper extraction and post-medieval metals trade: identification and origins of postmedieval Reißscheiben ingots found in Wiltshire, England. Historical Metallurgy, vol. 52, part 1, pp. 37–47.
  32. Molenda D., 1975. W sprawie badań huty miedzi w Mogile pod Krakowem w XV i XVI wieku. Przegląd Historyczny, 66, 3, pp. 369–382.
  33. Molenda D., 1989. Eksploatacja rud miedzi i handel miedzią w Polsce w późnym średniowieczu i w początkąch nowożytności (do 1795 r.). Przegląd Historyczny, 80, 4, pp. 801–814.
  34. Możejko B., 2014. Shipping and maritime trade in Gdańsk at the turn of the 14th century: the maritime and commercial background of the sinking of the Copper Ship in 1408 Żegluga i handel morski Gdańska na przełomie XIV i XV wieku. Morskie i handlowe tło katastrofy Miedziowca w 1408 roku. The Copper ship. A medieval shipwreck and its cargo. Gdańsk: Narodowe Muzeum Morskie, pp. 57–76.
  35. North M., 1985. Early Modern Copper Trade and Transport. The Copper Finds of the Elbe. 5th International Congress of Maritime Museums (1984): Proceedings. Hamburg: Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, pp. 63–66.
  36. Oldeberg A., 1966. Metallteknik under vikingatid och medeltid. Stockholm: Seelig. 296 p.
  37. Ossowski W., 2014. The Copperʹs Ship cargo. The Copper ship. A medieval shipwreck and its cargo. Gdańsk: Narodowe Muzeum Morskie, pp. 241–301.
  38. Rehren T., 1995. Kupfer von Tor zur Welt. Kissipenny und Manilla. Duisburg, pp. 59–64.
  39. Rybina E.A., 2001. Torgovlya srednevekovogo Novgoroda: Istoriko-arkheologicheskie ocherki [Trade of medieval Novgorod: Historical and archaeological studies]. Velikiy Novgorod: Novgorodskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. 389 p.
  40. Rzadkosz S., 2013. Odlewnictwo miedzi i jej stopów. Kraków: Akapit. 242 p.
  41. Schade-Lindig S., 2009. Lahn-Dill-Kreis: Wertvoller Barrenhort des hohen Mittelalters oder der frühen Neuzeit: Kupferne Reißscheiben aus Braunfels Philippstein. Hessen-Archäologie, 2008. Darmstadt, pp. 132–137.
  42. Schade-Lindig S., 2012. Ein Hort aus «Reißscheiben» bei Braunfels-Philippstein (Lahn-Dill-Kreis). Ein spektakulärer Kupferbarrenfund aus dem Hessischen Eisenland. Denkmalpflege & Kulturgeschichte, 3, pp. 7–14.
  43. Schejbal-Dereń К., Garbacz-Klempka А., 2010. Działalność krakowskiej Wielkiej Wagi w kontekście badań metaloznawczych. Krzysztofory: zeszyty naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa. Krakow, pp. 31–50.
  44. Schulte A., 1923. Geschichte der Grossen Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft 1380–1530, II. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 315 p.
  45. Schulz H., 1982. Die Kupferverhüttung auf Helgoland im Mittelalter. Offa. Berichte und Mitteilungen zur Urgeschichte, Frühgeschichte und Mittelalterarchäologie, 38 (1981), pp. 365–376.
  46. Svarane D., 1996. Krósainú metàla darinújumu izejmateriğli Latvijà 10–12. Gs. Arheologija un Etnogràfija, XVIII. Riga, pp. 104–110.
  47. The Copper Ship. A medieval Shipwreck and its cargo. W. Ossowski, ed. Gdańsk: National Maritime Museum, 2014. 442 р.
  48. Tylecote R.A., 1992. А History of metallurgy. London: The Institute of Materials. 205 р.
  49. Wardas-Lasoń M., Garbacz-Klempka A., 2016. Historical metallurgical activities and environment pollution at the substratum level of the Main Market Square in Krakow. Geocronometria, 43, pp. 59–73.
  50. Werson J.Н., 2015. Metal Trade in the Baltic Sea: The Copper Ingots from Mönchgut 92: Master thesis. Esbjerg. 127 p.
  51. Yanin V.L., 1966. A find of Polish lead in Novgorod. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet archaeology], 2, pp. 324–328. (In Russ.)
  52. Yanin V.L., 1991. Novgorodskie akty XII–XV vv. [Novgorod records of the 12th–15th centuries AD]. Moscow: Nauka. 384 p.

Arquivos suplementares

Arquivos suplementares
Ação
1. JATS XML
Baixar
2. Fig. 1. Massive copper Reißscheiben, 15th century AD. 1, 2 – photo of the author; 3–6 – after Ossowski, 2014. Fig. 2

Baixar (862KB)
Metadados
3. Fig. 2. Extracting (pulling out) the top ingot from the melt with an iron hook (after Arbin et al., 2022. Fig. 4)

Baixar (98KB)
Metadados
4. Fig. 3. Schematic cross-section of the foothill pit. Reconstruction based on finds of Reißscheiben on the island Heligoland (after Hänsel, Schulz, 1980. Bild 9)

Baixar (689KB)
Metadados
5. Fig. 4. Topography of finds of ingots and trade routes

Baixar (754KB)
Metadados

Declaração de direitos autorais © Russian Academy of Sciences, 2024