Periodic hypoxia: physiological effects and possible molecular mechanisms

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Periodic hypoxia includes periods of low oxygen content, interspersed with periods of reoxygenation. Periodic hypoxia is usually associated with pathological conditions and is considered as a negative stimulus leading to disorders of cognitive functions, the cardiovascular system, respiration and metabolism. It is the most important pathophysiological element of sleep apnea syndrome, which is accompanied by the development of inflammation and oxidative stress. On the other hand, periodic hypoxia, unrelated to sleep apnea, has a positive or negative effect on the body, depending on the intensity, duration and number and frequency of hypoxic exposures. In medicine, periodic hypoxia is used to improve health and enhance performance and is a non-pharmacological treatment for a number of diseases. The goal of the present review is to summarize clinical and experimental data on the effect of periodic hypoxemic hypoxia on the adult body. Special attention is paid to the effect of periodic hypoxia on cognitive functions. The review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which periodic hypoxia can trigger a cascade of intracellular reactions leading to either beneficial or pathological effects.

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作者简介

S. Simonenko

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: nglevitskaya@gmail.com

Biology faculty

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

Е. Sebentsova

Lomonosov Moscow State University; National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”

Email: nglevitskaya@gmail.com

Biology faculty

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

I. Kabiolsky

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: nglevitskaya@gmail.com

Biology faculty

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

N. Levitskaya

Lomonosov Moscow State University; National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: nglevitskaya@gmail.com

Biology faculty

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of different types of chronic hypoxia. (а) – continuous chronic hypoxia (steady decrease in oxygen content lasting for several days or weeks); (б) – intermittent hypoxia is commonly seen in sleep apneas (the number of hypoxic episodes – 10-60 episodes/hour, duration of the hypoxia session – 8-12 hours/day); (в) – periodic hypoxia (the duration of the hypoxia session is from 1 to 8 hours per day).

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3. Fig. 2. The mechanism of HIF-1α activation in conditions of intermittent hypoxia. ROS – reactive oxygen species; CamK – Ca2+/calmodulin kinase; HIF – hypoxia-inducible factor; KDM – histone lysine demethylase; PHD – prolyl hydroxylase; PKC – protein kinase C; XO – xanthine oxidoreductase.

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4. Fig. 3. Intermittent hypoxia stimulates the ROS production, disrupting the balance between isoforms HIF-1α and HIF-2α. CamK – Ca2+/calmodulin kinase; HIF – hypoxia-inducible factor; NOX – NADPH oxidase; PKC – protein kinase C; SOD – superoxide dismutase.

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