Том 96, № 11 (2017)

Research on potential mutagenic pesticide activity is an important part of their toxicological and hygienic assessment. The present article provides international and Russian legal and normative documents, which regulate such investigations. There is presented a list of the principal Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) protocols in the field of genetic toxicology which reflect protocols in force, newly adopted and canceled protocols along with the revised versions of existing documents. As an example, major changes of the research protocol for mutagenic properties of chemical compounds in mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test in vivo are reviewed. The article also provides the minimal set of methods required for the evaluation of the pesticide-induced initial DNA damage, gene, chromosome and/or genome mutations. The article notes the need for the mutagenic assessment of generic pesticides to verify the equivalence of active ingredients and carry out further studies of the combined actions of pesticide mixtures.

Hygiene of children and adolescents makes a significant contribution in solving the problems of health protection and promotion of the younger generation. However, its achievement is not fully used by such sectors as health, sanitary and epidemiological supervision and education. Objective to justify the place for hygiene of children and adolescents in the school health system. The work is expert-analytical. In accordance with the number of students in the country the number of doctors on hygiene of children and adolescents in the health care organization must exceed 8500 persons. The provision of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the students as medical activity includes: hygienic control of the educational conditions; hygienic control of educational tools; control over the compliance with the sanitary-hygienic requirements to conditions and management of nutrition in school; control over the compliance with the sanitary-hygienic requirements to the conditions and organization of physical training in the educational organization; preventive measures; hygienic training; the formation of stereotypes of a healthy lifestyle. Technologies of the sanitary-epidemiological well-being of students in educational institutions include: the algorithm of visual and laboratory control over the compliance with sanitary-hygienic requirements to conditions of the organization of education and training in educational institutions; the algorithm for the determination of the level of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the educational organization, hygienic assessment of the load training activities in students; control over the compliance with the sanitary-hygienic requirements to conditions and organization of lessons with the use of e-learning in educational institutions; algorithm of the interaction between physician on hygiene of children and adolescents in medical organization and Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare and other agencies for the protection of health of minors. The practical activity of the doctor on hygiene of children and adolescents is an important component of the medical support in educational institutions and sanitary-epidemiological well-being of children population in the country. Training students should be carried out with taking into account the specifics of the activity of the doctor on hygiene of children and adolescents in medical institutions for children and modern technologies for their practical activities in educational institutions.

There are described an algorithm and methods for collecting the evidential base for causing hazard to the health of the population of Zakamensk (the Republic of Buryatia) in the zone of influence of the waste of the past activities of the Dzhidinsky tungsten-molybdenum combine. The source of danger is lying sands, containing a complex of toxic heavy metals — lead, cadmium, manganese, nickel, chromium, etc. The algorithm for the formation of the evidential base included: a general analysis of the sanitary and hygienic situation; assessment in the dynamics of the quality of atmospheric air, drinking water, soil, food; assessment of the risk to the health of the population; epidemiological studies; in-depth clinical surveys of a representative group of city residents (280 people). In the blood of the examinees, heavy metals were identified as biological markers of the exposure. There was evaluated a complex of the response (effect) adequate to effects of laboratory markers. By methods of mathematical statistics there was established the presence of reliable relationships in the system “source of hazard — the quality of the environment — exposure to risk factors — health status.” The hazard to the health of a citizen, due to the negative impact of the factor, was considered to be proven if it was possible to build a continuous step-by-step logical chain of relationships between the source of the harmful effect, the quality of the habitat and the establishment of the fact of the disease. The quality of the habitat of the population of Zakamensk was shown to give rise in unacceptable risks to the health of residents. The main influencing factor is the pollution of atmospheric air, local food products and drinking water from public and private wells. Risks are realized in terms of a level of the primary morbidity rate of the population of the respiratory diseases, endocrine system, digestive organs that is relatively high compared to the matched area. The relationship between health hazard and environmental factors has been fully proved in 14% of the surveyed persons. At the same time, the territory was shown not be characterized as a zone of “ecological disaster” or “an emergency environmental situation”.

The article gives an assessment of levels of the power of 50Hz frequency electromagnetic fields from different sources in the places of a person’s longest indoor and office environment stay — a workplace equipped with a personal computer, a desktop in the kitchen, a sofa in the living room. An electric field intensity and magnetic induction from different sources by their simultaneous operation were shown to be not added arithmetically; at the same time total indices of electromagnetic impact on a person are maximum at a workplace. The average evaluation of electric field intensity in this case can reach 160.5 V/m, the average evaluation of the level of magnetic induction is 0.3 mT.

The article presents data on morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity (MTLWC) among working population in the whole of the Russian Federation and federal districts throughout the period from 2005 to 2014. According to official statistics, common number of losses of working days is shown to decline with a rate of about 1.1-1.3% per year mainly due to a reduction in the number of cases of diseases. The Urals and Privolzhsky Federal Districts are characterized by highest rates both of the incidence rate and the number of days of MTLWC. For the example, the Perm Krai (Privolzhsky Federal District) as a region with a typical MTLWC structure was shown to represent greatest losses of working days in the age groups of 25-29 and 50-54 years of workers of both genders. The consistent high incidence rate of injuries, poisoning and other effects of external influences in working men under the age of 24 years is of particular concern. The situation testifies the need to create targeted programs to prevent diseases in young workers, who in subsequent years will form the bulk of the country’s productive forces. At the regional level MTLWC is established to account for an annual loss of about 1.3-1.5% of the gross regional product. The adoption of effective managerial decisions to reduce MTLWC is shown to allow solve not only medical and demographic, but also economic problems in certain regions and the country as a whole.

The strategic goal of the state policy in the field of information security of children is to ensure the harmonious development of the younger generation, to minimize risks associated with the formation of hyperinformative society. The hygienic safety of the life of children under the use of information technology is a necessary condition for their balanced growth, development and formation of health. Modern information technologies of training provide children easy access to information resources, remoteness, mobility, interactivity, the possibility of the formation of social and educational networks, and educational communities, modeling and animation of various processes and phenomena. The purpose of the study is the substantiation of the system of the sanitary safety of hyperinformation of children’s life activity. The analytical method has allowed justify a system of hygienic and medical-psychological-pedagogical safety of the life of children’s life activity in hyperinformational society. The system includes the criteria of hygienic safety for information and communication technologies (ICT) and their means of support; modern sanitary rules and regulations to ensure hygienic safety for the children of information and communication technologies of training in educational institutions; federal recommendations of care for students in conditions of modern information and communications technology of training and information of children’s life activity; federal guidelines for the preservation of mental and psychological health and well-being of students; recommendations for family in security of children’s life activity in hyperinformational space; recommendations for producers and content distributors of providing medical, psychological and educational safety of children’s life activity; game educational programs on rules of the safe use of the Internet by children; monitoring the effectiveness of hygienic safety and protection of children from negative information. The implementation of hygienic children’s safety system will allow provide the best personal mental and physical development, the preservation of mental and psychological health and well-being of children in hyperinformational society; achieve expected results of the Concept of information security of children approved by the Decree of the Russian Federation dated December 2, 2015 № 2471-r, in terms of creating a new media environment.

The experience of the use data of prophylactic examination in working groups for epidemiological studies is presented. A prevalence of chronic and background diseases in different age and gender groups is demonstrated as well as a prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among the population and the shift in the work impact on the risk of health impairment in female workers. Data obtained can be used for the clinical and epidemiological analysis of the relationships between diverse pathologies and environmental and occupational factors with the view of optimization of financial expenditures. Data on prophylactic examinations are particularly valuable for the estimation the recent population health and environment to make decisions for prevention of widespread diseases.

In the modern world the problem of a proper diet choice needs a scientifically based technical support service, which is associated with global changes in the lifestyle and the environment. Thousands of diets, thousands of food products, where each product contains dozens of nutrients, hundreds of individual health characteristics — all this makes it almost impossible to select an optimal diet without involving of modern information technologies. One of the main obstacles to the formation of an optimal diet is the existence of two conflicting requirements to the diet of modern man. The first requirement is a decline in caloric intake, which is caused by a decrease in the physical activity. The second is the need to increase the nutrient density of the diet that cause a gain in human needs for vitamins and minerals, and a fall in the amount of vitamins and minerals in food. One possible solution is to create a network technology that supporting an individual nutrition choice. The article presents the concept and architecture of the system of the assessment, planning and optimization of personalized diets. The theoretical concept of the proposed system and Web-based technology is based on a dynamic two-level shaping information. On the first level of the individual diet is analyzed for the compliance with modern scientific ideas about healthy nutrition, which are reflected in the pyramid of human nutrition. The second, more complex and detailed version of the assessment of individual diet allows you to perform an analysis and diet plan based on the most important nutrients. For this we need to provide data on all food products that you have eaten for a period of time. The proposed Web-technology can be implemented not only in Internet, but also as a mobile application, and it will be useful for individual and family use, for the implementation in schools, health centers and hospitals, for the state control of the nutritional status of people, at centers of state epidemiology service. Also developed Web-technology is designed to solve the problems of education and the promotion of knowledge on issues of food hygiene, a healthy lifestyle and prevention of aging.

There is presented a unique Russian computer information and predictive TERA (Tools for Environmental Risk Assessment) system aimed to carry on studies of the assessment of health risk related to the impact of chemical compounds that pollute the various environmental objects. There are considered main calculation modules of specialized databases, as well as the main identification table — TERAbase, allowing to observe all the methodological requirements and recommendations provided by the sanitary legislation, for doing so and for the examination of scientific and practical work on risk assessment to public health, accreditation and certification for risk assessment bodies. There is indicated the direction of solving the problem of information support for risk assessment work for health.

Current methodological guidelines for assessing the quality of soils in populated areas do not include ecotoxicological indices, thereby underestimate the potential danger of the negative impact of urban soils on the health of the population. Monitoring of soil quality is carried out according to established indices. Sanitary-parasitological and sanitary-bacteriological studies, of course, play a primary role in the establishment both of the category of soil contamination in populated areas, and basic physic-chemical parameters. The list of controlled elements contains heavy metals, benz (a) pyrene, arsenic and several others, but there are no whole classes of chemical compounds with a high level of public health hazard, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, in spite of the fact that the study of the distribution of this group of substances in the soil profile of Moscow is being included in modern scientific research work for a long time. Thus, the lack of data on the content of a number of key chemical toxicants in the soil can form a distorted final assessment of the quality of the studied soils. Ultimately, this can lead to a number of mistakes in management decisions for the improvement of the territories of Moscow and the replacement of soils with artificially created soil. One of the solutions to this problem may be the expansion of the list of physic-chemical indices in monitoring. Another one is the inclusion of ecotoxicological indices for conducting a comprehensive diagnosis of "health" of soils. Such an approach will make it possible to assess the soils more correctly, taking into account all the factors of soil formation in the territory of Moscow, including intensive multifactor anthropogenic impact on soils, which is difficult to estimate only with the help of physical and chemical methods. In the work results of own researches on an estimation of the biological activity of soils of Moscow of various functional zones are presented.

Analysis of domestic (Russian) and foreign documents revealed the necessity to correct existing standards of chemicals in water according to the new data about previously unexplored toxicological properties including mutagenic, carcinogenic effects, effects on the endocrine system. It is advisable to correct safety levels within the structural sets based on the relationship “structure – biotransformation – activity”. It is necessary to review critically the MACs of aromatic compounds substantiated on the organoleptic sign of harmfulness. The standards of nine carcinogens are proposed to revise with considering the classification and safety levels. Determination of threshold concentration on general sanitary index of harmfulness may be excluded from the regulation system because self-purification processes not sufficient in the Russian climatic conditions are related to ecological indices. This hazard index creates a discrepancy between the assessment of the danger of drinking and surface waters. It is necessary to create unified MACs for groups of substances in view of the forms of their presence in water and matching of toxic mechanism of action in compliance with the principle “unity of standard and method of control”.

Landfills of municipal solid waste (MSW) have a negative impact on the environment and people: air, soil, surface water and groundwater are polluted. During the storage of MSW in the body of the landfill natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste takes place under conditions of oxygen lack, high temperature and humidity. One product of this process is landfill gas — a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with small amounts of impurities (nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide). Tens and hundreds of different organic compounds are also included as a compound of landfill gas. The composition and content of the individual components in landfill gas depends on the composition of landfilled waste at the solid domestic garbage dump. The landfill gas and odor run to great distances. Construction, operation and closure of landfills give rise to a number of environmental problems associated with such a classification of landfills as a secondary source of pollution of the urban environment. The solution of such environmental problems offers a variety of options for the “recovery”, “remediation” and protective measures in areas of placement of landfills. For example, in the landfill “Timokhovo” there were studied the efficacy and safety of a new chemical treatment technologies and disposal of landfill gas As a result of the installation of the system for landfill gas purification there was established the decline in the total concentration of polluting compounds, as hydrocarbons (including saturated and aromatic), alcohols, oxygen and sulfur containing compounds by from 63 to 2200 times. There was reached 100% disposal of mercaptanes, sulfides, di- and trisulfides, naphthenic and terpenic hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds. The number of identified compounds was reduced by more than 2 times. However, at the output of the purification system there were revealed compounds not identified at the input of this system. It can be regarded due to the appearance of transformation products of flaring hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies directed to the identification with quantitative assessment of air emissions before and after the new system of utilization allow both perform monitoring emissions taking into account the real content and changes in group and component structure under the influence of the chemical impact of the new technologies and make recommendations for further improvement of gas purification systems in terms of environmental aspects.

Additionally to the assessment of the external environment for the evaluation of the hygienic welfare of the population it is ultimately important to assess the health status, the index of which should be monitored as early as possible. Prenosological changes are the most early and common, they reflect the cumulative impact of adverse effects of the external environment of very different nature and their evaluation on human health is the most important. For a more accurate and standardized assessment of such effects we have developed a number of computer systems, allowing to estimate both physical and mental health and performance, and also biological age of a person. Our programs involve individual records of customer data, both physical and mental activity in everyday life, the degree of stress tolerance, the presence of occupational hazards, exercise, food tastes etc. Design of programs includes standardized windows: data entry, tabular and graphical output of results in comparison with age-related standards, output of the text and conclusion the database with the ability to view them and compare the results of several visits. Database programs have similar form and can be presented in a ExCel format for the statistical treatment. Overall, we have developed a computer system for the assessment of physical and mental health, working capability and biological age, that is a powerful tool for the accurate and standardized evaluation of the external adverse environmental influences on the health and general well-being, provides ways to an early preclinical diagnosis and environmental well-being and can be widely used in sanitary and hygienic monitoring of the health status of the population.