Vol 98, No 4 (2019)

The authors made an attempt to show the differentiation and integration of preventive medical Sciences and ecological disciplines as a complex dialectical process characteristic for the development of the science of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, and to analyze the methodological links of preventive medical Sciences with numerous ecological disciplines developed in recent decades. The article deals with the processes of formation of new ecological disciplines studying the system “environment - human”, a comparative analysis of preventive medical and environmental Sciences on their goals, subjects and objects of study. The study of the environmental impact on human health was shown to be carried out by already formed medical Sciences, and primarily preventive orientation (General hygiene, Social hygiene, Communal hygiene, Food hygiene, Occupational health, Military hygiene, Radiation hygiene, etc.), having accumulated considerable experience in the areas of knowledge studied by them. Disciplines arising from the differentiation of the environment and studying the preservation of life and health, in essence, duplicate preventive medical Sciences, which inevitably leads to the repetition of the path and does not give the desired results in the increment and development of new scientific knowledge. At the same time, the process of interaction and unification of efforts of preventive medical Sciences and environmental disciplines can make a significant contribution to the successful solution of such important state tasks as the preservation of public health and environmental protection from the negative impact of anthropogenic factors. The application of a systematic interdisciplinary approach in the interaction of preventive medical Sciences and environmental disciplines involves the presence of scientific facts, a complex of deep knowledge in the areas under study, the development of a number of theories, as well as the analysis of environmental and medical problems.

Introduction. Mass events, including sports, such as the World Cup, can contribute to the emergence of public health risks that must be identified and eliminated. 

Material and methods. We studied data on air pollution, drinking water and soil, information on pollution sources, locations of stationary and mobile observation posts and Saransk infrastructure facilities intended for the FIFA World Cup 2018. The study used methods of hygienic assessment, analysis, and synthesis, comparisons, and generalizations, as well as assessments of risk to public health. 

Results. Moderate inhalation risks (HI up to 1.14) for respiratory organs may form fine dust (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5). The risk to public health during oral acute short-term exposure to chemicals coming from drinking water and soil did not exceed the permissible level. The concentrations of certain elements and chemicals in drinking water exceeded hygienic standards (boron up to 2.36 times, iron up to 2.88 times, fluorides up to 1.48 times). The content of benzo (a) pyrene in the soil exceeded the hygienic standard by 6.49 times. 

Discussion. The results of similar studies carried out during the period of preparation for the holding of global mass events in Russia in 2013–2019 confirmed the results and conclusions of this work. The main route of exposure of chemicals to the health of the population, guests, and participants of the events is inhalation. Additional control is needed for dust, including PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. 

Conclusion. Revision and modification of the existing system of placement of posts monitoring the quality of the environment are not required. Additional control is needed with respect to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 (atmospheric air), fluorides, boron, iron, nitrates, and strontium (drinking water), benzo (a) pyrene (soil).

Background. For people with hypersensitivity, the problem of allergenic and pyrogenic environmental load is of great importance.

Material and methods. Hostel and apartment dust in Moscow was analyzed for bacteria and fungi by microbiological and molecular methods.

Results. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria prevailed, numbers varying from 4.8×10⁴ to 2.0×10⁹ MPN/g of dust in hostels (Me=4.8×10⁶ MPN/g) and from 3.0×10⁴ to 1.0×10⁹ of dust MPN/g in apartments (Me=3.8×10⁶ MPN/g). Gram-positive bacteria were revealed in 100% of apartments and in 80% of hostels, Gram-negative, in 47% of apartments, and in 73% of hostels. 9 yeast species were isolated: Filobasidium wieringae, F.magnum, Papiliotrema flavescens, Vishniacozyma victoriae, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida parapsilosis, C.tropicalis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii. R.mucilaginosa dominated (34.5% and 33.4%). Candida spp. were more frequent in hostels, while Filobasidium spp., in apartments. Yeast cell number varied from 3.5×10³ to 1.3×10⁶ CFU/g of dust in hostels (Me=3.2×10⁴ CFU/g), and from 2.3×10³ to 2.5×10⁶ CFU/g of dust in apartments (Me=3.3×10⁴ CFU/g). 56 mycelial fungi species were revealed. Penicillium chrysogenum (100%), Aspergillus niger (100%), Rhizopus stolonifer (100%), A.ochraceus (80%), Mucor plumbeus (67%), P cyclopium (60%) were the most frequent in hostels. P.cyclopium (60%), P.chrysogenum (60%) were the most frequent in apartments. Mold concentration varied from 1.8×105 to 7.5×10⁶ CFU/g of dust in hostels (Me=5.2×10⁵ CFU/g) and from 3.3×10³ to 2.3×10⁵ CFU/g of dust in apartments (Me=4.0×10⁴ CFU/g). Micromycetes complexes were similar in different hostels but differed in apartments.

Discussion. The species diversity and CFU counts of microorganisms do not give the true values of the concentration of allergenic and pyrogenic compounds.

Conclusion. We propose complex assessment involving identification of both allergenic and pyrogenic compounds and producers.

The current stage of development of the seventh pandemic of cholera in the world is characterized by a tendency to widespread, registration of outbreaks, epidemics and sporadic cases of diseases associated with drifts, including single drifts of this infection (without spreading) into Russia. The territory of Russia is one of the most water-supplied countries in the world; however, some of the rivers, such as the Volga, Ob, Amur, and Don are among the most important economic arteries, therefore just these rivers were the objects of study for this work. A comparative multivariate analysis of data from long-term monitoring studies on cholera showed that in all the studied reservoirs during the study period there was observed the isolation of cultures of Vibrio cholerae with diverse phenotypic characteristics. The data obtained allows us to tentatively assume that in Russia there are a number of areas with aquatic ecosystems, such as r. Volga, Ob, Amur, and Don, in which non-toxic cholera vibrios can survive during the summer period. In the microbiological aspect of cholera epidemiological surveillance, the accumulation of long-term data on the circulation of Vibrio cholera strains in environmental objects is important. From our point of view, the use of computer technologies (Geoinformational System) for analyzing the dynamics of the isolation of V. cholerae cultures in both spatial and temporal formats contributes to the timely determination of the direction and volume of preventive measures in each specific administrative territory of the country.

The results of the study of the severity and structure of the burnout syndrome among teachers living in the conditions of the North of Russia in different periods of the school year are presented. There were observed 29 teachers during the fourth quarter of the school year and 43 teachers in the first quarter, after the summer holidays. The average age of teachers amounted of 44 ± 1.8 years (from 23 to 65 years), teaching experience accounted for 20 ± 1.8 years (from 1 year to 45 years). The study of the indices of emotional burnout syndrome was carried out according to the questionnaire “Diagnosis of the level of emotional burnout” by V.V. Boyko. The level of neuropsychological adaptation was determined by the scale of I.N. Gurvich and situational and personal anxiety by Spielberger - Khanin. In the structure of the syndrome of emotional burnout among teachers in the North, the “Resistance” stage has been established to prevail at the beginning and at the end of the school year. The “Exertion” and “Depletion” stages are predominantly unformed or are in the formative stage. In the studied periods of the school year in the “Exertion” stage, teachers have an established and dominant symptom of experiencing traumatic circumstances. In the “Resistance” stage, the symptom of inadequate emotional response and the symptom of the reduction of professional duties are pronounced and dominant. The dominant symptom in the “Exhaustion” stage at the end of the school year was more often the symptom of personal detachment, and at the beginning of the school year - a symptom of psychosomatic and psycho-vegetative disorders. The severity of symptoms in the structure of burnout after school holidays decreases slightly, except for the symptom of the “Depletion” stage, personal detachment (depersonalization) (p <0.01). The formation of burnout syndrome in teachers occurs against the background of the development of anxiety and mental adaptation disorders. Positive correlations of neuropsychic adaptation and personality anxiety were found with almost all symptoms of the syndrome (r = 0.53-0.65; p <0.01). During training activities, teachers are in a state of chronic stress, which, against the background of prolonged exposure to extreme conditions in the Northeast, can lead to the development of mental maladjustment, professional deformation of the personality and exacerbation of chronic diseases.

Introduction. The evaluation of the impact influence of weather and climatic conditions on humans in cold (winter) period was done since there was not the method of evaluation of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger. Also, the sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4.3359-16 does not contain the method of risk evaluation of the influence of factors upon the human organism. 

Material and Methods. The authors evaluated the influence of various combinations of ambient temperature and wind speed upon under conditions of IV climatic region in I zone (the Republic of Dagestan – at an altitude of 4 m., 1040 m. and 1661 m above sea level and the Kaliningrad region) according to wind cooling. It was found a possible discomfort sensation at an average speed of winds and temperatures (wind cooling index (WCI) more 763,7 Kcal/m²) as well as overcooling risk in combinations of average temperature and maximum wind speed, an average speed of the wind and the minimum temperature. Maximum wind speeds in combination with minimal temperatures exceeded WCI threshold by 1,25-2,1 times. It should be noted that the studies were conducted under conditions of an increased humidity which had a negative influence upon the human organism, but in combination with the high wind speed and low temperatures, the effect might be more considerable.

Results. In accordance with the method, in attachment 17 in manual Р 2.2.2006-05, working conditions were classified as harmful. By calculation on indices of the minimal temperature and maximum wind speed, indices of equivalent temperatures reached up to considerable values. Probably, the use of the method does not prove its value. 

Conclusion. The fixing of complex influence (in the cold period) of air velocity, ambient temperature, air humidity and detecting of health risk due to weather and climatic conditions remain a topical theoretical and practical problem.

Introduction. The subject of the study was the health of the child population of Dunai village located in the vicinity of radiation hazardous facilities – the Far-Eastern Center for Radioactive waste management (FEC DalRAO) and Shipyard-30 .  

Material and Methods. The material of the study was age indices of the morbidity, disability, and mortality rate of children of Dunai village over the period between 2009 and 2013. The study uses indices averaged over a five-year period and the dynamics of their changes.

Results. The birth rate of the healthy child amounted of 54.6% versus 72.0% in the control group. In the morbidity structure, the rate of congenital malformations was higher 68.0 ± 0.4 and 42.8 ± 5.9 per 1000. Child disability was higher and accounted for 15.3 ± 3.3 per 1000 versus 10.4 ± 0.4 per 1000 in the control group. The child mortality rate was higher than in the comparison group and accounted for 1.8 per 1000 and 0.75 per 1000 respectively. Public doses induced by manmade radiation sources were lower than those established for the population in the Russian standards, however, the increased level of natural radioactivity was induced by radon, which generates in a dose of 3.23 mSv/y.

Conclusion. To protect the child population there are advised additional measures such as an organization of the permanently operating system of recreational and rehabilitation activities in respect to children.

The review of literature is devoted to features of the formation of health and physical development of young hockey players. We have studied the factors exerting an impact on the health of young hockey players. The relevance of a problem is caused by the fact that growth of sporting achievements of the hockey player is carried out against the background of yet not completed processes of formation of an organism, at influence essential on the volume and intensity of training and competitive loads. Thus formation at the hockey player of a condition of overtraining and overfatigue against the background of intensive training process can worsen a functional state and contribute to the development of a premorbid and pathological changes that won’t lead to the expected steady growth of sports indices and further longevity of the hockey player in the world of professional sport. In our work characteristics of the organization of the training process, functional and pathological changes of an organism in the course of the training are submitted. Features of the efficiency of young athletes are described. The analysis of the incidence rate of young athletes according to domestic and foreign authors is carried out. The most problematic issues in the assessment of the health of young athletes and influences of factors of the environment are established: biological rhythms, food of athletes, creation of training process, the simultaneous combination of kinds of activity of children. One of the current problems of maintaining the health of young athletes was determined to be a lack of an accurate system of monitoring of a condition of their health at various stages of educational- training and competitive process, taking into account age features of the level of biological maturation. In this regard the development and use of health saving technologies at all stages of an educational training cycle, in a combination with a comprehensive examination of young hockey players and the assessment of the influence of factors of the environment is relevant. Thus, a number of not enough studied questions demands the for a further continuation of profound and comprehensive study with the development of new approaches to preservation and development of the a health of young hockey players.

Introduction. One of the important steps in assessing the nanoparticles (NP) safety is the analysis of mutagenic activity, including the evaluation of gene, chromosomal, and genomic mutations.

Material and methods. The purpose of this investigation is to study the ability of different NP aqueus suspensions and the same compounds in microforms to unduce gene mutations in Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). 

Anatase titanium dioxide NP coated with simethicone (33.16 ± 16.7 nm, 5-50000 μg/ml), magnetite NP coated with silicate (10 nm, 0.92-575 μg/ml), silver NP coated with аrabian gum (14 ± 0.2 nm, 5-50000 μg/ml), aluminum hydroxide nanofibres (50-70 nm, 24-3000 μg/ml) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Taunit MWСNTs, outer diameter 15-40 nm, inner diameter 3-8 nm, length 2 and more microns, 5-50000 μg/ml). In parallel, the mutagenic activity of equivalent microparticles was evaluated in experiments. Ames test (Salmonella/microsomes) registers gene mutations induced by a different mechanism of action, in the variant with preincubation. A set of Salmonella typhimurium indicator strains: TA 100 (base pair substitution mutations), TA 98 and TA 97 (mutations of the frameshift type of the genetic code) were used. Using addition the S9 microsomal activating mixture during the experiment makes it is possible to determine the effect not only of the substances themselves, but also of their metabolites.

Conclusion. The investigated nanomaterials as well as their micro analogs in the studied dose range did not induce gene mutations in the Ames test both in presence and absence microsomal activating mixture.