Volume 100, Nº 5 (2021)
- Ano: 2021
- ##issue.datePublished##: 07.06.2021
- Artigos: 18
- URL: https://archivog.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9627
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Chromato-mass-spectrometric identification of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine and N-nitrosodimethylamine
Resumo
Introduction. Environmental safety is one of the main priorities of state policy. It ensures the legal regulation of relations in space activities to strengthen the defense and security of the Russian Federation and further extension of the international cooperation of the Russian Federation.
Material and methods. In the fall areas of the stages of the booster rockets, screening studies were carried out to identify the propellant component 1.1-unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in atmospheric air (n=14) and drinking water (n=23), determine its metabolite N-nitrosodimethylamine quantitatively in the residents’ blood (n = 90) living in the surveyed areas before the rocket launch (n = 45) and after the launch (n = 45). Аlso quantitative determination of the N-nitrosodimethylamine metabolite in the residents’ urine in the observation group (n = 108) was performed. For comparison, there was selected a group of residents not related to rocket and space activities (n = 13). Identification and analysis of samples of atmospheric air, drinking water, and biological media (blood, urine) was performed using Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph (USA) with a 5975C quadrupole mass spectrometric detector (MCD) and a capillary column of the HP-FFAP 30m • 0.25mm • 0.25µm series.
Results. The study revealed the absence of asymmetric 1.1-dimethylhydrazine in 100% of analyzed atmospheric air samples. During the observation period, the concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the range of 0.00039 to 0.001 mg/dm3 were found in drinking water samples that did not exceed the hygienic standard (LOCNDMA 0.01 mg/dm3). N-nitrosodimethylamine in a concentration range of 0.00095-0.346 mg/dm3 was determined in the blood samples of the population. The studies revealed that after the rocket launch, the N-NDMA concentration in the blood was 1.8 times higher than the concentration registered before the rocket launch. In the urine sample of the resident living in the surveyed area, N-nitrosodimethylamine was detected with a high degree of reliability according to the essential ion with mass 74 m/z and confirmatory ion of 42 m/z, and the concentration was quantitatively calculated at a level of CN-DMA = 0.23 μg/ml. The detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine in blood and urine, even in trace amounts, indicates the possibility of exposure.
Conclusion. Performed comprehensive studies made it possible to prove the relative safety of the ecological situation in the fall areas of the booster rockets that are located close to settlements when considering the environmental pollution with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and can be used for systematic monitoring.



Determination of priority chemicals of water from centralized supply systems for monitoring water safety
Resumo
Introduction. The analysis of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation indicates problems in the field of drinking water safety, caused, among other things, by chemical contamination. Due to the wide variety of pollutants, it is necessary to determine the procedure for identifying priority chemical pollutions from the water from centralized supply systems, using health risk criteria.
Materials and methods. The analysis of relevant scientific literature and regulatory and methodological documents formed the basis for developing criteria for determining priority chemical pollutants contained in the water from centralized supply systems. A sampling of drinking water was carried out at the start point (water intake) and the endpoint of the distribution network (water tap). The selected water samples were examined using the chromatography-mass spectrometry method.
Results. An algorithm for determining the priority chemicals in the water of centralized water supply systems according to the potential hazard and health risk criteria has been developed. Approaches to the identification of possible sources of chemical water pollutants from centralized supply systems were established. According to the results of testing, it was found that three of the 16 chemical water components are potentially dangerous: 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentadecane, and lilial. The presence of pentadecane comes from a water source. Still, it should have eliminated water treatment. The presence of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and lilial is most likely due to water treatment and water transportation processes through the water supply systems.
Conclusion. There are six criteria for determining priority chemical pollutions from the water from centralized supply systems based on hygiene standards compliance, an impact of the chemicals on the environment and the human health, the presence of harmful effects for humans and/or animals, implementation of possible mechanisms for the development of human health disorders and the acceptability of the risk level were proposed. There were identified three priority pollutants in the water from centralized supply systems that can be recommended for further monitoring.



OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Low-frequency range magnetic fields at workplaces: hygiene regulation criteria
Resumo
Introduction. Until now, in the Russian Federation, unlike Western countries, hygienic regulations have not been developed for magnetic fields (MF) of low-frequency ranges.
The aim of the study is a scientific substantiation of the threshold limit values (TLV) of magnetic fields in the range of 3 Hz - 30 kHz at workplaces.
Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of domestic and foreign hygienic normative-methodical documentation regulating the TLV of magnetic fields of low-frequency ranges at workplaces is carried out. When substantiating TLV in the frequency range of 3 Hz - 30 kHz, the method of calculating the corrected value of the RMS MF strength in decadal frequency bands is used, taking into account its target values for different exposure times.
Results. MF sources in the frequency range 3 Hz - 30 kHz were shown to be widely used in various areas of activity. The analysis of current domestic and foreign documents regulating the impact of MF in low-frequency bands showed the possibility of harmonizing hygienic regulations. The TLV MP in decadal frequency bands and the criteria for their hygienic assessment are scientifically substantiated.
Conclusion. The studies made it possible for the first time in the Russian Federation to develop MF hygienic standards in the frequency range of 3Hz - 30 kHz at workplaces, the introduction of which into the practice of sanitary and epidemiological supervision will ensure adequate control over the electromagnetic environment and preservation of workers’ health.



Occupational health care in regions with different levels of occupational morbidity in agricultural workers
Resumo
Introduction. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the discrepancy between working conditions in different sectors of the Russian economy and the inadequately low level of registered occupational morbidity (OM). At the same time, as a rule, issues of access to occupational health care that are important for the rural population are not considered due to the lower potential of socio-economic and infrastructural development of rural areas compared to the city.
Material and methods. The paper uses updated data on 82 subjects of the Russian Federation on working conditions, the level of OM of agricultural workers, and indicators of occupational health care for the rural population in 2011–2017.
Results. The ranking of subjects of the Russian Federation by the level of non-infectious occupational morbidity of agricultural workers was carried out: group I (OM above the national average), group II (OM below the national average), group III (OM is not registered). It is shown that non-detection of occupational diseases in the regions of group III could be due to insufficient provision of rural health care by occupational pathologists (54.2%), low coverage of workers with periodic medical examinations (PME) (76.6%), as well as the absence of occupational health centers (OPC) in 5 territories. of the 18 regions. According to the criteria of availability of occupational pathologists (97.5%) and coverage of PME (95.5%), the highest availability of primary occupational pathology care occurred in the regions of group II. However, the high proportion of occupational diseases identified during self-treatment indicated a formal approach to conducting PME in this group. The most accessible specialized occupational health care was typical for the subjects of the Russian Federation of group I with a high level of OМ, on the territory of which the most significant number of OPC functioned with the possibility of extended pre-examination of employees with suspected occupational diseases in a hospital.
Conclusion. Along with harmful working conditions, the occupational morbidity of agricultural workers is primarily determined by the availability of specialized occupational health care, namely, occupational health centers’ availability, equipment, and capacity.



Impact of the service terms on biochemical indices in employees at the potassium ore processing enterprise
Resumo
Introduction. The extraction of potash ores is developing at a significant pace. The flotation method is the way to obtain potassium chloride using chemical reagents that have a toxic effect on the respiratory and nervous system, and liver. The complex long-term impact of occupation factors of the working environment with an increase in work experience leads to a rise in the prevalence of diseases of vital organs and systems.
The aim of the study is to assess the change in individual biochemical indices of unfavorable responses on the part of the health of workers at a potassium ore processing enterprise, depending on the length of work experience.
Materials and methods. The working conditions of workers were assessed, the content of some aldehydes, hexane, and heptane in biological media was investigated, and changes in many biochemical parameters were established.
Results. The factors of the working environment in workers at the potassium ore processing enterprise are characterized by the simultaneous exposure to chemicals (potassium chloride, formaldehyde, propionic and butyric aldehydes, hexane and heptane), physical parameters (industrial noise, the microclimate of the working area, the severity of the labor process) and are assessed as harmful (class 3.1). During long-term labor activity (more than ten years), workers have an accumulation of hexane in the urine (1.4 times) and the increased associated content of norepinephrine in blood plasma (up to 1.3 times), not established in workers with up to ten years of work experience. Workers with ten years of work experience and noise with a level of intensity at workplaces exceeding 14.4 dBA showed an increase of 1.3-2.3 times in the level of homocysteine and lipoprotein, not established in workers with a work experience duration of fewer than ten years. No dependence on the service terms was found for changes in sensitization indices of the upper respiratory tract and hepatocytes’ cytolytic activity.
Conclusion. The revealed changes in indices with an increase in the length of service require special attention for the early diagnosis of occupational diseases and the development of measures to prevent emerging changes in critical organs and systems.



Occupational health risk management system for greenhouse vegetable growers
Resumo
Introduction. Prevention of chronic general somatic diseases associated with exposure to harmful working conditions is one of the primary measures to preserve the health of the working population and labor resources of the Russian Federation. However, insufficient attention is paid to the management of occupational health risks of agricultural workers, including greenhouse vegetable growers.
Materials and methods. Hygienic and epidemiological studies were carried out based on the methodology for assessing and managing occupational health risks.
Results. A complex of harmful occupational factors, including high temperatures and humidity, harmful chemicals, including pesticides, plant dust, and the labor process’s severity simultaneously affect working greenhouse growers. Working conditions were assessed as harmful (classes 3.2-3.3) of occupational risk categories from medium to high. Direct statistically significant correlations were established between the length of occupational service and diseases of the respiratory system, circulatory system, musculoskeletal system, and connective tissue (respectively r = 0.58; r = 0.6; r = 0.35). A high degree of causal relationship with the work in harmful occupational conditions of arterial hypertension (RR = 2.805; EF = 64.35%; CI = 1.498-5.253), radiculopathy of the lumbosacral spine (RR = 2.290; EF = 56%; CI = 1.140- 4.599), an average degree of uterine fibroids (RR = 1.969; EF = 49%; CI = 0.988-3.926) and chronic bronchitis (RR = 1.532; EF = 34.7%; CI = 0.682-3.442), which allows classifying them as occupationally conditioned. The system of preventive measures to minimize occupational risks and prevent occupational diseases has been scientifically substantiated.
Conclusion. Current working conditions of greenhouse vegetable growers are characterized by the impact of harmful occupational factors promoting occupationally caused diseases, which requires the implementation of a set of preventive measures based on a risk-oriented approach.



Analysis of comorbid pathology in oil producers
Resumo
Aim of the study. To analyze the patterns of the comorbidity pathology formation in employees occupied in oil production.
Materials and methods. Observation group - 292 employees of the oil production enterprise (100% men). The average age was 39.4 ± 10.6 (20-65) years. Average work experience is 13.1 ± 9.6 (3-22) years. The comparison group included 65 employees working in the management of the enterprise. The average age is 40.2 ± 9.8 (20-65) years. Average work experience is 18.5 ± 9.5 (5-23) years. Observation group - 292 oil and gas production operators (OGP) - 100% men. The study involved a comprehensive research program, results analysis, and mathematical modeling.
Results. It is typical for oil and gas production operators to be exposed to a complex impact of harmful production factors: industrial noise, the intensity of work, and physical overload combined with chemical factors. A prior occupational risk to the employees under mentioned working conditions was classified from low (moderate) risk to medium (significant) risk. The age of employees with developed comorbid pathology in the observation group was 31.7 ± 5.4 years, work experience in the specified working conditions was 4.6 ± 1.1 years; the age of workers in the comparison group was 35.4 ± 3.9 years, work experience was 7.4 ± 2.7 years. The results of functional studies have demonstrated a complex of abnormalities in workers with little expressed clinical symptomatology. Analysis of comorbid pathology showed an increase in n according to CIRS score, increasing the working experience among oil and gas operators.
Conclusion. Comorbid pathology occurs in oil production workers within ten years of working experience under conditions of combined occupational and non-occupational factors. In the comorbid pathology development, both induced intrasystemic and intersystemic disorders significantly worsens the working life prognosis.



Immunological status in employees of the mining and processing enterprise and chemical risk factors
Resumo
Introduction. Currently, occupational health problems acquire particular relevance due to the inconsistency of working conditions with hygienic standards. Unfavorable conditions lead to the development of occupational and production conditioned diseases, increase the risk of developing non-specific diseases and exacerbate their medico-social consequences. In this regard, it becomes essential to develop diagnostic criteria for early health disorders of workers under the influence of working conditions [1].
Materials and methods. One hundred ninety-five workers of potash production (men) were examined. The observation group consisted of 120 workers exposed to harmful chemical occupational factors (air pollution of the working area with silvinite dust, chemicals on the example of hexane). Seventy-five workers were not exposed to harmful factors of the production environment (comparison group). CD-phenotypes of cellular immunity were determined by flow cytometry. The chemical and analytical study of the content of contaminants in urine was carried out by the method of analysis of the equilibrium vapor phase (hexane). The content of IgG specific to the studied substance was determined by the allergosorbent method.
Results. Changes in the immune system were significant concerning the comparison group and characterized by excessive expression of many CD-immunophenotypes (CD11a, CD3+CD95+) and the TNFR receptor. At the same time, an increased concentration of hexane was registered in the biological media of workers in the main occupational groups compared to the comparison group. Reliable differences in the content of specific antibodies to hexane (IgG) between the studied groups of workers (p<0.05) were established.
Conclusion. The results of this work allowed substantiating the list of priority indicators of the state of the immune system in mining workers exposed to direct exposure to contaminants at the stage of chemical treatment of mineral resources. Abnormalities of cellular and humoral immunity have been identified, which can impair the functioning of the body’s immune system and the formation of immune-mediated pathological conditions (inflammatory and proliferative processes in the lungs, asthenia).



FOOD HYGIENE
Residual amounts of pesticides in citrus fruits: analytical control
Resumo
Introduction. Thanks to possessing beneficial properties and vitamin content, citrus fruits occupy a prominent place in the ubiquitous nutrition of all ages due to various crops. On the other hand, due to climatic conditions, they cannot be cultivated in our country and are classified as imported products, which justifies the importance of controlling their safety.
Purpose of the work. The creation of a multicomponent method for determining the residual amounts of pesticides and their metabolites in citrus fruits.
Materials and methods. HPLC with triple quadrupole mass detector in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and capillary gas-liquid chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MC) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) together were used to perform the identification and quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides of various classes (amino pyrimidines, imidazoles, carbamates, strobilurins, triazoles, organophosphorus compounds, etc.) As a sample preparation method, there was used the QuEChERS technology, based on the extraction of pesticides with an organic solvent from a homogenized sample in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer and the purification of the extracts by dispersive solid-phase extraction.
Results. To control the safety of citrus fruits (lemons, grapefruits, oranges, tangerines) imported from Egypt, Turkey and Abkhazia, purchased on the food market, a multi-method was used for determining the residual amounts of a wide range of pesticide compounds (50 names of active ingredients of pesticides and their toxic metabolites) in citrus fruits. The identified levels of active pesticide ingredients did not exceed the established MRLs.
Conclusion. The modern development of the analytical chemistry of pesticides, the use of a tandem of gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection made it possible to implement a group method for the quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides and their toxic metabolites in citrus fruits. Modern development makes it possible to detect the contamination of their residual amounts in the processed products.



Potential health risk associated with consumption of local food containing pesticide residues for the rural population
Resumo
Objective. Hygienic assessment of the potential health risks to the rural population associated with the use of local food products produced in areas containing residual amounts of pesticides in the soil.
Material and methods. The quantification of chloro- and organophosphorus pesticides in local foods was analyzed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Health risks to the rural population from exposure to pesticides in foods were assessed according to the Risk Assessment Guidelines (P 2.1.10. 1920-04). To calculate exposure and hazard ratio (HQ), summary hazard indices (HIs), individual (CR), and population (PCR) carcinogenic hazards, the median and 90th percentile of pesticide content in topical foods were used.
Results. Dairy and vegetable products were found to contribute mainly to the median level of pollution with organochlorine toxic chemicals for most studied areas. Potatoes and vegetable products contributed to pollution with organophosphorus compounds. The HQ values calculated at the median level of pesticide content in food products in all agricultural areas under study in the region indicated an acceptable level of exposure. It is also good, but above 1.0, were the total HI due to pesticide contamination at the level of the 90th percentile value in local food products of four districts of the Saratov region. The total non-carcinogenic risk at the level of the 90th percentile was assessed for pesticides that have a unidirectional effect on the damage to the endocrine system - due to the action of DDT, HCHCG, and malathion; damage to the liver, kidneys, and the reproductive system - due to the action of DDT, HCHCG, chlorpyrifos and glyphosate.
Conclusion. Thus, the study established a high level of the CR value for the health of all surveyed environmentally disadvantaged areas of the Saratov region associated with contamination of HCHCG food products calculated at the median and 90th percentile level. An average of 84.2% of PCR was due to contamination of local HCHCG foodstuffs and 15.8 % to DDT.



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Cytokine profile in children exposed to chloroform and vanadium
Resumo
Introduction. Pollution of drinking water and atmospheric air by anthropogenic haptens forms an imbalance of adaptive capacities of the immune system in children.
The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the cytokine profile in children exposed to vanadium and chlorine-containing compounds (for example, chloroform).
Materials and methods. We examined 283 children who live in conditions of chronic low-level peroral exposure to drinking water hyperchlorinated products. The control was a contingent of 224 children consuming drinking water of chloroform of adequate quality. We also examined 215 children living in conditions of chronic aerogenic low-level exposure to vanadium, the control being a contingent of 131 children living in the territory of conditional sanitary and hygienic well-being without any stationary sources of vanadium contamination of the atmospheric air. Chemical-analytical and immunoenzymometric methods were used in the study.
Results. In children living under chronic oral exposure to drinking water hyperchlorination products, chloroform was identified in the blood, which normally should not be detected. In children living in an area with elevated levels of aerogenic vanadium load, the vanadium content in the blood was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001) 4.4 times higher than the upper limit of the reference interval. We have established that under conditions of blood contamination with chloroform Th2-shift of cytokine profile occurs - concentration cytokines IL4, IL6 increases statistically significantly, frequency of excess was 2.2 and 4.3 times in comparison with the values obtained in unexposed children ( p ≤ 0,001-0,031); under conditions of contamination of biological media with vanadium, a decrease in Th1 cytokine production was observed - the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα was statistically significantly depressed, the multiple of the decrease was 2.2 times as compared to the results obtained in children not exposed to vanadium ( p = 0.032).
Conclusions. The presented results show the contamination of chloroform and vanadium to cause a multidirectional nature of changes in the cytokine profile of serum in exposed children with technogenic gaptenes, forming in the future various mechanisms of deterioration of immune response: activation of humoral (Th2-dependent), associated with chloroform contamination or cell suppression (Th1-dependent), associated with excess contamination of vanadium.



Assessing adaptation capabilities in primary school children attending schools with different educational processes
Resumo
Introduction. Innovative teaching and learning systems involve intensification of the educational process and greater academic loads; it results in the exertion of adaptation systems in a body, especially when it comes to primary school children.
Purpose of the study. Our research goal was to assess peculiarities of adaptation capabilities in primary school children who attended schools with different educational processes.
Material and methods. To study peculiarities of adaptation capabilities in primary school children, we performed a clinical examination of 183 children (51.4% boys and 48.6% girls, the average age being 9.51±0.17) who attended a lyceum (group A), a school with advanced studies of physics and mathematics (Group B), and an ordinary secondary school (Group C). We also analyzed how intense educational loads were in all three educational establishments. Children’s adaptation capabilities were assessed as per functional parameters of their cardiovascular and vegetative nervous systems and catecholamines’ contents in blood.
Results. The entry-level secondary schools tend to have more intense educational processes. We established that primary school children who attended a lyceum faced 1.5 times greater intellectual and sensory loads; children who attended a school with advanced studies of physics and mathematics had educational loads that were 1.3-1.4 times more monotonous than in other establishments; children who attended an ordinary school had to bear 1.8 times higher emotional loads. ⅔ primary school children had exertion of functional reserves in their cardiovascular system caused by a longer educational load duration. 36% of primary school children who attended a school with advanced studies of physics and mathematics had tension in their adaptation mechanisms caused by monotonous educational loads combined with lower noradrenalin contents in blood. Those children also ran up to 4.9 times higher risks of adaptation mechanism exertion. 48.5-56.7% of children who attended a lyceum and an ordinary school had vegetative imbalance that became apparent via activated adaptation-trophic influence promoted by the sympathetic section in the vegetative nervous systems and related to the duration of learning activities.
Conclusion. Intensification of the educational process results in disorders of compensatory-adaptation mechanisms in primary school children.



Features of the immune status of middle and high school students in conditions of high blood content of a number of exogenous chemical impurities
Resumo
Introduction. The quality of the habitat and increasing intensity of the educational load determine the negative changes of the health of schoolchildren, associated with a violation of immune mechanisms adaptation.
Purpose. Study of features of the immune status of schoolchildren in the conditions of excessive hapten contamination by exogenous chemical factors.
Materials and methods. Students who live in territories differing in the formation of excessive human-made chemical contamination (total 162 students) of senior and secondary education levels were examined. The analysis of contaminants in biological media utilizing gas chromatography method, high-performance liquid chromatography method, mass spectrometry method was performed. The state of cellular immunity was evaluated by the reaction of phagocytosis using formalinized ram erythrocytes and CD-immunogram parameters by flow cytometry. The state of humoral immunity identified with the production of serum immunoglobulins by radial immunodiffusion, as well as expression of specific antibodies to chemical factors by the method of allergosorbent testing.
Results. We revealed an association of excess content of lead, nickel, formaldehyde, benzene, phenol in blood with deficiency phagocytic activity, imbalance of CD-subpopulations of immunocompetent cells characterized by the predominance of T lymphocytic activation (CD3+-lymphocytes), and a decrease in B-lymphocytes (CD19+-cells) both concerning the norm and to the group of schoolchildren with a permissible level of contaminating load. Secondary and senior students differed in imbalance of the immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+, and lower expression was revealed in high school students serum immunoglobulins IgM and IgA. In schoolchildren with excessive hapten contamination, there is a high level of sensitization to exogenous chemical factors according to the specific IgE antibodies to nickel, formaldehyde, and IgG to benzene, phenol, lead.
Conclusion. The revealed imbalance of immune profile indices reflects the state of immunological health of schoolchildren, and the indices of cellular (immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+) and humoral (specific antihapten reagins) immunity, can be used as diagnostic for assessing the immune status in schoolchildren of secondary and senior levels of education in the conditions of excessive hapten contamination.



Indices of the body structure and activity of the cardiovascular system in female students in modern professional educational institutions
Resumo
Introduction. The formation of professional groups occurs under the influence of numerous social, medical, and physiological factors. This phenomenon has been known for a long time, but special attention was drawn to it only in the middle of the last century when the term “healthy worker effect” or self-selection was introduced. Since people with various clinical and physiological indices go to various professions, which affects mortality and morbidity in the future and makes it difficult to assess the impact of professional factors objectively. Later, there were identified several reasons determining the state of health of professional groups, particularly the so-called. “Healthy / unhealthy hiring effect.” Moreover, when comparing different working populations, the health status of workers in some cases depended more on the initial indices of employment than on working conditions. The most common method for evaluating the health status of children and adolescents is the assessment of their physical development, particularly the degree of obesity. An increased level of body fat can negatively affect the health of the cardiovascular system. The choice of a future specialty upon admission of adolescents to professional educational institutions may depend both on hygienic features and the self-assessment of their adaptability to working conditions in future activities.
Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 141 female students enrolled in the Saratov College of Water Transport, Construction, and Services. During the examination, an anthropometric study, a study of the structure of body mass, and a study of the state of the cardiovascular system were carried out.
Results. Body mass analysis found seamstress and hairdresser-trained girls to have lower body fat but higher levels of lean body mass and active cell mass. In contrast, insurance-trained girls and cook-trained girls had increased levels of body fat but lower levels of lean body mass and active cell mass. At the same time, girls who studied insurance and cooks had a higher load on the cardiovascular system. In these two groups, there were higher mean values of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as higher values of the cardiac index, index “rhythm” and index “myocardium”.
Conclusion. Signs of latent obesity associated with a deficit in active cell body mass and excess body fat with normal body mass index are found in a significant number of girls entering various specialties of a vocational educational institution. There are found differences in clinical and physiological indices between groups of female adolescents entering various specialties of a vocational educational institution, which can be regarded as signs of the effect of healthy/unhealthy hiring. Trends that arise already at the stage of formation of professional groups can continue in the course of work and affect the state of health in the future.



Comparative characteristics of the actual nutrition of younger schoolchildren with different indices of nutritional status
Resumo
Introduction. Nutrition is one of the most critical factors determining the health status of children and adolescents. Violation of the nutritional status in excess body weight hurts the state of physical development of children. Malnutrition in childhood in childhood is a risk factor for the development of alimentary-dependent diseases, which determined the relevance of this study-the study of the structure of the actual nutrition of younger schoolchildren with various indicators of nutritional status to develop recommendations for optimizing the diet.
Material and methods. The essential nutrition was studied in 80 younger schoolchildren of public educational institutions of Smolensk at the age of 9.5-10.5 years. To determine the nutritional status of schoolchildren, we used the standards of the World Health Organization (2007). Actual nutrition was studied using the 24-hour nutritional reproduction method. The composition of the body of children was investigated by the bioimpedance method using the AVS-02 Medass analyzer.
Results. In the structure of nutrition of primary schoolchildren, regardless of the nutritional status of children, there is a deficit in the consumption of many essential products of the children’s diet (milk and dairy products, fish, vegetables, and fruits). In the diets of schoolchildren with excessive nutritional status, an excess of products with high energy value (confectionery and pasta, sugar) was revealed. In the intake of essential nutrients, there was noted an imbalance associated with excessive consumption of fats and carbohydrates, along with a lack of dietary fibers, a number of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, iodine), and vitamins (C, B1, B2, A, E, biotin).
Conclusion. Comparative analysis of the actual nutrition in primary schoolchildren identified disorders and structure of food packages’ imbalance composition, most pronounced in children with excessive nutritional status. The performed correlation analysis confirmed the existence of a reliable relationship between nutritional status indices, anthropometric indices, and parameters of the body composition of the examined children.



HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Main results, prospects of application and improvement of the health risk assessment of the population of Siberian cities – participants of the “Clean air” project (Bratsk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita)
Resumo
Introduction. As part of implementing the federal project “Clean air” provisions, the Human health risk assessment in Bratsk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita under the influence of ambient air-polluting chemicals was carried out. The main task of the risk assessment was to substantiate the list of priority chemicals that make the most significant contribution to risks (for monitoring and quoting) and to determine the primary sources of air pollution in the city with these substances (for subsequent quotas).
Materials and methods. The initial information for assessing the exposure and human health risks in each city was the consolidated databases of stationary and mobile emissions sources. Calculations were carried out in standardized software products of the “Ecolog-Gorod” series. Risk indicators were determined under the provisions and requirements of the guideline R 2.1.10.1920-04. In each city, the calculations were performed at residential buildings (from 11 to 14 thousand points in the territory). Emissions from more than 1350 thousand sources were taken into account. Surface concentrations of 45 to 60 impurities in each city are considered.
Results. Unacceptable, including high health risk, was found to form in all the cities studied. According to the hazard index, the diversity of exceeding the permissible risk levels reached 15-20 times. About 630 thousand people live in areas of unacceptable risk, including more than 200 thousand people in areas of high risk of diseases. Critical affected organs and systems are the respiratory systems, immune system, blood, offspring development, etc. The chemical impurities determined for each territory and their sources, which together contribute up to 90% to unacceptable risks, are considered as priorities for monitoring and quotas. Recommendations were developed to improve the procedure for preparing initial data for risk assessment and verify the results of risk assessment by epidemiological and medical-demographic studies.



Health risk to the population in Norilsk under exposure of substances polluting ambient air
Resumo
Introduction. The city of Norilsk is included in the list of cities participating in the federal project “Clean Air.” The comprehensive action plan for protecting atmospheric air of substances provides a 75% reduction in emissions and a decrease in the level of pollution from “very high” to “high”.
The aim of the study was to assess human health risk from chemicals that pollute the atmospheric air of the city of Norilsk before the implementation of a complex of air protection measures. Also, we planned to identify priority factors and sources of risk.
Material and methods. The assessment of carcinogenic, acute, and chronic non-carcinogenic health risks was carried out at 1105 points of location of residential buildings in the city based on summary calculations of dispersion. The database of parameters of 2145 sources of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air of the city was used.
Results. Unacceptable, including high levels of risk to the health of citizens, have been established to be registered throughout the city. More than 181.8 thousand people live in high-risk zones. Risks occur both during short-term and long-term exposure to atmospheric pollution. The risk indicators for respiratory disorders diseases of the immune system and the blood system are ten or more times higher than the acceptable levels. There have been eleven priority pollutants contributing up to 90% to unacceptable risks (nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, copper, nickel, lead oxides, the sum of various types of industrial dust, etc.).
Conclusion. In general, aerogenic health risks require urgent measures to reduce them. The planned measures to suppress sulfur dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxides, and dust in Norilsk are generally large-scale and adequate to the priority risk factors. At the same time, it is necessary to develop and implement measures to reduce emissions of heavy metal compounds. Until the levels of acceptable health risk are reached, measures of a medical and prophylactic nature are relevant as compensation measures provided for by current legislation.



Methodological approaches to the assessment of health risks associated with the use of repellent and insecticide agents
Resumo
Introduction. The study’s relevance is due to the demand for repellent and insecticidal agents in the consumer market and their widespread use as protection against mosquitoes. At the same time, the problem of the impact on the human health of these funds has not been sufficiently studied. In this regard, analyzing the safety of repellents and insecticides for human health is of scientific interest.
The aim of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches to assessing the risk to human health associated with the use of insecticides and repellents.
Materials and methods. Authors used methods of analysis of scientific literature, toxicological methods for the study of health safety, methods of quantitative chemical analysis, biochemical methods for the study of blood serum, methods of mathematical modeling, health risk assessment methodology.
Results. The assessment of the risk of negative responses from organs and systems of the body when exposed to repellents and insecticides has been carried out. Methodological approaches to assessing health risks under various scenarios for repellents and insecticides have been developed and tested.
Conclusion. A feature of the proposed methodological approaches is the ability to take into account dose loads for various routes of entry of active substances into the body, the duration of exposure to a repellent or insecticide during regular use, and possible use in regimes exceeding normal use. As a result of the experiment, it was found that with the inhalation of an insecticide with 1% transfluthrin, the level of acceptable risk is observed at a level of exposure of transfluthrin in the air up to 0.0272 mg/m3. Under a percutaneous intake of the 50% DEET repellent, the acceptable risk level was noted at exposure less than 1200 mg/kg/day. In case of percutaneous arrival of the DETA repellent 7.5%, the level of acceptable risk is established under exposure up to 250 mg/kg/day.


