Volume 102, Nº 6 (2023)

Introduction. In the context of 5G system integration for general public, the change of electromagnetic field background is expected. The electromagnetic field background will change in spectral composition, spatial and temporal distribution, which affects the methodological approaches of instrumental control and hygienic assessment.

Materials and methods. In the 5G pilot area the frequency-selective, code-selective and broadband measurements were carried out for the actual and possible electromagnetic field assessment from GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G/IMT-2020 base station at several points.

Results. The research results have shown that the actual electromagnetic levels did not exceed 1.5 μW/cm², the main part of actual (measured) level includes GSM and LTE base stations (1800 MHz). At some points, the main part of maximum possible electromagnetic field exposure did not exceed 8.5 μW/cm² and created by the 5G/IMT-2020 traffic transmission beam from base station to the subscriber terminal.

Limitations. The limitation of study is determined by the measurement conditions of 5G/IMT-2020 test operation modes in the pilot area, it is difficult to assess the actual EMF exposure from commercial networks user service.

Conclusion. In the intensive progress of mobile communication, the frequency- and code-selective measuring instruments are necessary to improve approaches for instrumental control and evaluation for electromagnetic fields from various mobile communication, especially for 5G assessment.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Perov S.Yu. — the concept and design of study, collection material, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Belaya O.V. — the concept and design of study, collection and processing of material, writing a text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had sponsorship from Moscow information technological department (state contract N GK 6401/20-3415 from 10.02.2020).

Received: February 15, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. The paper presents the results of a study on assessing the level of soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic in a city with a long-term glass production.

Materials and methods. The object of the study is the soil cover of the city of Gus-Khrustalny, widely known for the products that are produced at its enterprises. The city-forming industry, the mention of which begins in the second half of the 18^th century, is the production of glass and crystal.

Results. The presence of polyelement pollution of the soil cover of the city was established, which is probably associated with the specifics and duration of the functioning of the glass industry. The priority pollutants of urban soil are primarily those belonging to the first hazard class, Zn, Pb, and As. The maximum levels of pollution were recorded in the industrial urbanozems, the minimum – in the landscape and recreational zone. An extremely dangerous chemical contamination of the soil in terms of the total indicator was revealed on the territory of the currently non-functioning part of the glass plant, which in fact is a local technogenic lithogeochemical anomaly. An assessment of the level of chemical contamination of soils as an indicator of an adverse impact on the health of the population showed most of them to live in the zone of moderately hazardous or hazardous soil categories.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are associated with one-time sampling and a small number of reference areas, which limits the possibility of a broader interpretation of the data obtained.

Conclusion. To justify measures to reduce the risk to the environment and health of the population living here, it is necessary to manage constant environmental and hygienic monitoring of the territory. To reduce soil pollution in the city, there are required the modernization of industrial enterprises and the creation of expanded sanitary protection zones around them. It is necessary to carry out measures to detoxify contaminated soilsusing modern methods, primarily biological treatment as phytoremediation, phytorecultivation.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

Contribution:
Trifonova T.A. — the concept and design of the study, the final design;
Selivanov O.G. — data processing, text writing;
Martsev A.A. — material collection and data processing, statistical processing, text writing;
Kurbatov Yu.N. — laboratory research.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 14, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. Knowledge of adaptation options on the example of the reactivity of cerebral energy metabolism (CEM) under stress is important for determining the features of the development of vibration disease in the comorbid course of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), the success of recovery in the rehabilitation period.

Objective of the study was adaptation options using the example of cerebral energy metabolism reactivity under stress in individuals with vibration disease caused by the simultaneous effect of local and general vibration (SLGV) and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods. Features of adaptation under stress were studied by the method of neuroenergy mapping with the measurement of the level of constant potential (DC-potential level). Groups were formed: I (n = 94) — patients with SLGV, II (n = 38) — with comorbid pathology (SLGV and DM 2), III (n = 39) — with DM2.

Results. More than 60% of all examined patients were established to be characterized by a rigid response to physical and emotional stress. Adequate CEM recovery reaction in the posthyperventilation period in the predominant number of cases was observed only in group I. In patients of group II, perverse (39%) and rigid (32%) reactions of recovery of DC-potential level were more common, group III — perverted and excessive response (33 % and 28%, respectively), characterizing the disorder of physiological adaptation in the presence of DM2.

Limitations. The limitations of the work are presented in the form of a brief description of working conditions, lack of study of the impact of industrial noise on cerebral hemodynamics, insufficient depth of the study of foreign literature materials on the issue under study.

Conclusion. The comorbid course SLGV and DM2 causes a persistent impairment of adaptation to stress, which is confirmed by the rigidity of the DC-potential level in response to hyperventilation, quick verbal response test, and the inadequacy of response during the restoration of neuroenergy exchange in the posthyperventilation period.

Compliance with ethical standards. Examination of patients was carried out in accordance with the ethical standard of the Declaration of Helsinki of the world association “Ethical principles for conducting scientific medical research involving humans”, as amended in 2000. and “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation”, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 06/19/2003. All examined signed an informed consent to participate in the study and there is a conclusion of the local ethical committee (LEC) (protocol No. 5 dated 11/14/2012).

Contribution:
Shevchenko O.I. — formed the concept and design of the study, developed a study plan, formed a common base, collected and analyzed data on NEC, wrote and designed an article, formulated conclusions;
Lakhman O.L. — took part in the formation of the concept of the study, took part in editing the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 14, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. In this article, on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the emotional burnout of day-care assistants and speech therapists of municipal preschool educational institutions was studied. In recent years, there has been an increase in the importance of the psycho-emotional component of the professional portrait of an employee of preschool educational institutions. The content of pedagogical professional activity includes many factors that provoke the emergence of professional deformation of a specialist.

Materials and methods. Emotional burnout (according to the method of K. Maslach and S. Jackson in the adaptation of N. Vodopyanova) and the working capacity index (WAI) were studied in day-care assistants and speech therapists working in preschool educational institutions, as part of a cross-sectional study, in-depth interviewing was conducted. The SPSS 23 software package was used for statistical analysis.

Results. Day-care assistants and speech therapists of preschool educational institutions, who have a long work experience, have fully realized and adapted to their profession and do not note emotional and psychological overloads. The results of a qualitative study indicate the dominance of subject-object (educator – child) relationships within the framework of preschool education, the presence of a complex psychological space (preschool is visited by children with various psychophysiological, emotional, behavioral characteristics), the settling of negative emotions inside the personal space of the educator and the speech therapist teacher and, as a consequence, the inability to dispose of them (personal psychotherapy, supervision, professional intervention) without negative consequences.

Limitations. The study has professional (day-care assistants, speech therapists) limitations.

Conclusion. These results suggest the problem of emotional burnout to be quite deep and not realized by teachers and day-care assitants. The resources of quantitative research methods for educators and speech therapists of preschool education on the topic of professional burnout and deformation were shown to be significantly limited and fail to allow achieving objective results, which requires the development of new approaches to assessing teachers’ emotional burnout.

Compliance with ethical standards. The studies were conducted in compliance with the requirements of confidentiality of personal data, ethical standards and principles of conducting medical research with human participation, set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013). Written consent of the respondents was obtained to participate in the study. The study was carried out with the permission of the local ethical committee of the Saratov Hygiene Medical Research Center of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (Protocol No. 9 of 14.06.2022).

Contribution:
Temaev T.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Temaeva I.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Trubetskov A.D. — writing a text;
Komleva N.E. — editing;
Chuslyaeva D.A. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 9, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. Azorubine E122 (Carmoisine, Food Red 3) monoazo dye is used in the manufacture of desserts, caramels, sweets, marmalades, ice cream, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, etc. The safety assessment of food additives includes the study of genotoxic potential. At the same time, for substances with a high or a small but long-term exposure (including food additives), in vivo tests are required.

Materials and methods. The genotoxic activity of aqueous solutions of synthetic food azo dyes E122 Azorubin was studied by the micronuclear method on bone marrow cells in mice (males, hybrids F1 CBA × C57Bl6/j). The studied substances were injected into the stomach of mice at doses of 250–2000 mg/kg twice with an interval of 24 hours, with the preparation of bone marrow preparations 24 hours after the last administration. The frequency of micronucleated (MN) polychromatophilic erythrocytes (PCEs) was estimated on the base of the results of the analysis of 4000 PСЕ. The proportion of PСE among all red blood cells was determined by analyzing 500 cells per animal.

Results. There was no statistically significant increase in the frequency of PCE with MN over the current control with a double administration of Azorubine in all studied doses. After exposure at doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, the incidence of MN PCEs slightly exceeded the upper limit of the 95% CI of the accumulated negative control and the effect was dose-dependent and statistically significant, which does not allow recognizing the answer as clearly negative.

Limitations of the study are due to the methodology of the test: only cytogenetic disorders in a single tissue were analyzed under conditions of double enteral administration of the studied sample.

Conclusion. An analysis of the frequency of MN PCEs in the bone marrow of mice after a double injection of Azorubine at doses of 250–2000 mg/kg made it possible to qualify the result of the experiment as uncertain.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Research Institute of EDiTO Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Yurchenko V.V. — concept and design of the study, work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytogenetic analysis, statistical analysis, analysis of literature, writing a text;
Akhaltseva L.V. — cytogenetic analysis, search for literature sources, analysis of literature;
Konyashkina M.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytogenetic analysis, cytogenetic analysis, search for literature sources;
Yurtseva N.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytogenetic analysis, search for literature sources.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task «Complex system for assessing the genotoxicity of food additives» Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: February 6, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. Storage of selected samples before transportation to the laboratory and immediately before analysis is an important component in the process of product quality control and evaluation.

Purpose of the work was to evaluate the degradation of pesticide active substances in real samples of citrus fruit left for long periods of storage in deep freezing conditions.

Materials and methods. High-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass detector (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify pesticide active substances. According to the method of analysis MUK 4.1.3657–20, cryogenic grinding of samples was carried out in a cutter using dry ice. Sample preparation was carried out using the QuEChERS technology. To extract analytes from a homogenized sample acetonitrile was used in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer, followed by purification of the extract by SPE.

Results. In the studied samples of citrus, the analytes showed stability. Thirty months after storage of samples in deep freezing conditions (temperature not higher than –20 °C), the identified levels of active ingredients of the pesticides imazalil, pyrimethanil and prochloraz did not change by more than 20% compared to the previously detected concentrations. Insignificant amounts of imidacloprid, thiabendazole and pyriproxyfen, as well as traces of azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin, detected in the study of samples, were also found in samples after long-term storage. 

Limitation. The study is limited to the study of the stability of individual active substances found in real samples of citrus fruits intended for sale to the consumer.

Conclusion. Proper storage of samples should ensure the preservation of the levels of active substances in the samples and exclude their change due to various processes (volatilization, enzymatic and hydrolytic decomposition, etc.), which requires the performance of preliminary experimental studies to assess their stability. The work showed the stability of residual quantities of imazalil, pyrimethanil, prochloraz, imidacloprid, thiabendazole, and pyriproxyfen in citrus fruit matrices under storage conditions in a freezer at not more than –20 °C for 30 months.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

Contribution:
Rakitskii V.N. ­— research concept and design, аpproval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Fedorova N.E. ­— research concept and design, writing of the manuscript, editor, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Grechina M.S. ­— collection and processing of material, statistical analysis, writing of the manuscript, collection of literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 23, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. Tobacco smoking can be designate as one of the most common world problems that negatively affects on the functional activity of the human body.

The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of influence of tobacco smoking on the content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in biosubstrates of employees with different smoking experience in the absence of significant anthropogenic and man-made burden in the place of residence.

Materials and methods. This study is experimental. To investigate the state of health of the population, hair samples were taken from 25 to 60 years male smokers aged, working at the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Ivanovo region, living in the same conditions. The study method included the use of inversion voltammetry to identify the relationship between smoking history and the level of accumulation of heavy metals in the human body. We used statistical analysis tools toward established the reliability of the results p<0.05. The data were compared with the established levels of the normal content of metals in the centile intervals of A.V. Skalny.

Results. We determined that, depending on duration of smoking, the level of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) in the biosubstrates of the studied sample significantly increases (p<0.05). The indicators significantly exceed the physiological norm, while the copper concentration decreases, but is within the reference values.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are limited to the possibilities of using the selected research methods and the presence of uncertainties in obtaining the characteristics of the objects of study.

Conclusion. Tobacco smoking have influence on the content of heavy metals in the human body and accumulates during life.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study complied with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Association “Ethical principles for conducting scientific medical research involving humans”.

Contribution:
Kazakova V.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Eremeyshvili A.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing, approval of the manuscript final version, responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The author declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 17, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

Introduction. The Ames test has been widely used to study the mutagenicity of chemicals. In view of the implementation of a quality management system in the test facilities, the cultural, morphological and biochemical properties of strains used in the Salmonella/microsome test system were studied. An assessment of their applicability as additional characteristics of quality of the tester strain was made.

Materials and methods. The study of cultural and morphological characteristics of S. typhimurium strains was carried out using the commercial media. The biochemical properties of S. typhimurium cultures were evaluated using a Vitek-2 system.

Results. Studies have shown that the procedure of marker verification for confirming the reference properties of tester strains, in addition to evaluation of the spontaneous mutation level and phenotypic characteristics (-his phenotype, the presence or absence of the R-factor plasmids, rfa- and ∆uvrB mutations), can be extended by periodically assessing their biochemical properties. Most of the biochemical characteristics of bacteria of the Salmonella typhimurium serovar are inherent for tester strains. Compared to the wild-type bacteria аtypical features of tester strains are a negative reaction in the hydrogen sulfide production test, positive activity of tyrosine arylamidase, the ability to utilize 5-keto-D-gluconate, unstable activity of alpha-galactosidase. Differential selective media used to maintain wild-type Salmonella cultures are not universal for the growth of strains of the Salmonella/microsome test system. When choosing media for cytotoxicity, survival, or sterility assessment, it is necessary to take into consideration the growth characteristics of the Salmonella tester strains on different media: the ability to grow on selective media decreases in the series of Endo-agar > Salmonella Shigella -agar > Bismuth-sulfite agar > Ploskirev’s agar.

Limitations. The research is limited to the study of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics of S. typhimurium, but not Escherichia coli.

Conclusion. The described cultural and morphological properties of tested strains on different media can be used to assess cytotoxicity/survival of treated cultures performing studies according to OECD 471. The use of additional biochemical markers of authenticity and morphological properties of tester strains will help to ensure the quality of studies using the Ames test in the processes of conservation, reproduction, and routine testing.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not need the approval of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Egorova O.V. — the concept and design of the study, the collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Mikheev P.V. — collection and processing of material;
Ilyushina N.A. — analysis of materials, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 23, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023

The object of the study is the currently existing system of professional hygienic training and certification as an integral component of hygienic training and education of citizens.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the risk-based approach in the implementation of professional hygiene training and certification, and the attempt to integrate this legislatively fixed phenomenon into the structure of preventive measures.

There were used the analytical method for evaluation of regulatory and legal documentation, documentation of the Federal Medical Institution “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region”, as well as literary sources on the subject of research of such information resources as Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, RSCI, eLibrary.RU mainly for the last 5 years (90% of the total number of cited sources). There was analyzed the experience of the existence of a risk-oriented approach in the implementation of activities in various areas (including the activities of Rospotrebnadzor bodies and subordinate institutions on the example of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Voronezh Region), as well as to propose and test a risk-oriented model in the implementation of professional hygiene training and certification of employees in epidemiologically significant objects. The methodology of this procedure involves ranking the positions of personnel of epidemiologically significant facilities based on their attitude to the labour/technological process into 3 groups. In proportion to belonging to a particular rank group, the frequency, volume, and form of professional hygiene training and certification are reasoned. A methodology is proposed for the introduction of legally fixed components of the hygienic training system into the structure of preventive measures of Rospotrebnadzor bodies to get rid of formalization in the mode of constant monitoring of the level of knowledge of sanitary and epidemiological orientation of employees in epidemiologically significant facilities.

Thus, the integration of the risk-oriented model into the system of hygienic training will in the future prevent a decrease in the quality of knowledge in the field of hygiene and epidemiology among employees in epidemiologically significant facilities and positively affect the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the country.

Contribution:
Stepkin Yu.I. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Myznikova I.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 8, 2023 / Accepted: June 7, 2023 / Published: July 30, 2023