Том 102, № 11 (2023)
- Жылы: 2023
- ##issue.datePublished##: 13.12.2023
- Мақалалар: 18
- URL: https://archivog.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9577
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Hypogeomagnetic field in residential and public buildings
Аннотация
Introduction. The impact of geomagnetic field (GMF) on the human body is a proven fact, while an increased, but also a weakened geomagnetic field is the critical factor. The problems of normalization of GMF levels in existing residential and public buildings lead to the need for the use of calculation methods at the design stage of multistorey and high-rise buildings, the development of instrumental control methods at the stage of commissioning.
The purpose of the study was to develop and scientifically substantiate methodological approaches to carrying out field measurements of GMF intensity and calculating the GMF attenuation coefficient in residential and public buildings.
Materials and methods. The current and previously valid regulatory and methodological documents establishing requirements for geomagnetic field intensity measurements were analyzed, as well as protocols of GMF intensity measurement at thirty commissioned facilities completed in 2018–2022.
Results. Issues arising during the measurements of GMF intensity and assessing hypogeomagnetic conditions in residential and public buildings are identified. The minimum required amount of work, control points of measurements, requirements to measuring instruments (MI), as well as to the processing and registration of the obtained measurement results are proposed.
Limitations. The results of the study can be used only for measuring the GMF intensity and assessing hypogeomagnetic conditions in the premises of residential and public buildings, and are not applied to measurements in the workplace.
Conclusion. The proposed methodological approaches will make it possible to carry out measurements of the geomagnetic field intensity, process and document the obtained results, as well as assess hypogeomagnetic conditions in residential and public buildings for compliance with current hygienic standards.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require an opinion from a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Сontributions:
Kriyt V.E. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Sladkova Yu.N. — writing a text;
Volchkova O.V., Sklyar D.N., Plekhanov V.P. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: April 28, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1148-1153
Regulation of cadmium in the soil according to its effect on plants
Аннотация
Introduction. There is discussed the influence of various concentrations of Cd in the soil taking into account their established limiting values on plants in the publication.
Materials and methods. An express experiment was performed with Cd concentrations (0.5; 1.0; 2.5; 5.0 mg/kg) on Avena sativa L. and Sinapis alba L. using the phytotesting method. In a series of vegetation experiments, cultures of Lactuca sativa var. capitata and Hordeum vulgare L. were used. In this case, the Cd concentration increased to 15 mg/kg.
Results. A pronounced level of toxicity (>50%) is manifested in the concentration of cadmium above 5 mg/kg, as established in preliminary experiments on podzolic soil. The results of vegetation studies indicate a pronounced negative effect of cadmium at concentrations above 5 mg/kg, regardless of the forms of its intake (State standard sample (SSS) and Cd(NO3)2). The biomass of barley and lettuce plants) is reduced by 54 and 36%, respectively (Cd in the form of SSS) and by 35 and 44% (Cd in the form of Cd(NO3)2). An increase in the content of Cd in the soil at a level of ~8–13 mg/kg accompanied by a high level of its accumulation in plants from 18.5 to 33.0 µg/g.
Limitations. When studying the effect of cadmium at concentrations of 0.5–15 mg/kg in soil on plants in acute and chronic experiments, the following crops were used: Avena sativa L. and Sinapis alba L., Hordeum vulgare L. and Lactuca sativa var. To restrict a chemical element in the soil-plant system, one should strive to extend the duration of the study and diversify the choice of crops.
Conclusion. The tested doses of cadmium may have some negative effects and increase the risk to human health. Doses of cadmium corresponding to the approximate permissible concentrations of this element in the soil reduce the quality of plant material, confirmed by its high concentrations.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.
Contribution:
Voronina L.P. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing the text, editing;
Kiryakova N.A. — concept and design of the study;
Ponogaybo K.E. — collection and processing of material, writing the text, editing;
Abramov E.G. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Savostikova O.N. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: April 26, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1154-1162
Ecological and microbiological monitoring of soils in places of mass recreation
Аннотация
Introduction. There are presented results of a comprehensive ecological and microbiological assessment of soils located in the central part of the recreational zone of the city of Petrozavodsk, located in the middle taiga area. The study of chemical and microbiological properties of the soils of the park zone in the spatio-temporal aspect is of great importance for assessing the current state of soils and the trend of their development in conditions of anthropogenic impact, and can be the basis for urban ecological monitoring also.
The aim of the study is ecological and microbiological monitoring of soils in places of mass recreation of the urban population (Petrozavodsk).
Materials and methods. The object of the study was the soils of the plots located in the central part of the city. The soils located on the territory of the Kivach Nature Reserve were selected as a control. The acid-base properties of soils, the content of heavy metals, as well as the state of the microbiotic component of soils were evaluated. Based on the data on the content of heavy metals, the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals was determined.
Results. Based on the data of a comprehensive study, the current state of the soils of the recreational zone of Petrozavodsk has been established. The comparative analysis of changes in chemical and microbiological properties, as well as data on the soil pollution coefficient in the space-time interval revealed a decrease in anthropogenic impact on soils. Changing the category of soil pollution is an important tool of environmental protection measures carried out on the territory of the city.
Limitations. Work in the field of urban-ecological research is complicated by the lack of local regulatory documents that substantiate the hygienic standards for chemicals polluting the soil; limited monitoring points and work with mixed soil samples, which creates a problem of representativeness of the obtained data.
Conclusion. The favourable conditions for the formation of soils in the park zone affect on their soil properties, which generally meet the hygienic requirements imposed on them. The established higher indicators of the soil pollution coefficient in certain areas indicate a high anthropogenic pressure in the past, are the basis for continuing research, the need for periodic work, as well as expanding the range of soil indicators used for early diagnosis of their degradation.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Medvedeva M.V. — concept, data collection and processing, text writing;
Novikov S.G. — data collection and processing, research design, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare the absence of obvious and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.
Acknowledgement. The financial support of the research was carried out from the federal budget for the fulfillment of the state task of the KarSC RAS (KarSC RAS Forest Institute).
Received: September 19, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1163-1169
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Prevention of emotional burnout syndrome in various occupational groups (analytical review)
Аннотация
Introduction. Timely detection and prevention of burnout syndrome in various occupational groups is an urgent task of occupational health, since this condition directly affects the health, working capacity, and quality of life in workers.
The purpose of the study. An analytical review of Russian literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and prevention of burnout syndrome in various occupational groups and the definition of criteria for the formation of risk groups.
The search for articles was carried out using information portals including eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, PubMed, Medscape, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science. Inclusion criteria: search depth of eleven years (2012–2022), Russian original full-text articles in open access. Initially, one thousand eight hundred sixty five publications were identified, of which 38 cohort selected that met the inclusion criteria.
A high prevalence of burnout was revealed among health workers, educators, IT-specialists and law enforcement officials, slightly less among aviation service specialists, employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, media workers, bank employees, and miners. There are discussed leading risk factors for the development of burnout among employees in various fields of activity. A number of studies have studied the neurophysiological characteristics of patients with burnout syndrome, showing the relationship between burnout and affective disorders. Many studies discuss various approaches to the prevention and treatment of burnout syndrome, but the effectiveness of the proposed methods is evaluated only in a few studies. In modern conditions, there is a need for further research, conceptualization and systematization in managing job burnout.
Contribution:
Shirokov V.A., Novikova A.V. — Concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, analysis and interpretation of results, review of literature, preparation of the manuscript project;
Zibarev E.V., Zheglova A.V. — Concept and design of research, analysis and interpretation of results, preparation of the manuscript project;
Butakova I.V. — analysis and interpretation of results, preparation of the manuscript project.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 25, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1170-1176
Diagnosing disorders of respiratory mechanics in refractory workers
Аннотация
Introduction. The current decrease in occupational exposures complicates expert examination of the link between job and disease, thus requiring the use of more sensitive and high-tech diagnostic techniques. In addition, a low incidence rate of occupational diseases against the background of poor working conditions indicates a possible increase in the incidence of “hidden” occupational diseases mimicking common non-communicable diseases.
The purpose of our study was to assess the respiratory function in refractory workers using body plethysmography and measurements of the diffusing capacity of the lungs.
Materials and methods. One hundred six male workers aged of 45.62±0.8 years, all engaged in refractory manufacturing for the average of 15.5±0.88 years and at risk of dust-related respiratory diseases, were examined in our Occupational Health Center within the regular health check-up.
Results. The results of body plethysmography (a pulmonary function test) showed a decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio, i.e. the ratio of the forced expiratory volume over the first one second to the forced vital capacity of the lungs, to the group average of 77.87±0.76% of the normal value. We also observed increased bronchial resistance during exhalation and total bronchial resistance in 65% and 50.9% of the workers, respectively. We registered a decreased transfer factor in the examined subjects with the group average of 73.9±1.37%. Neither chest X-ray nor CT scan showed significant changes in most of workers. Signs of emphysema were registered in 5.7% of those examined cases. No significant differences in the prevalence of obstructive disorders were found between smoking and non-smoking workers. Bronchial obstructive syndrome in combination with impaired pulmonary gas exchange and respiratory muscle fatigue was registered in 16 workers (15%), thus necessitating specific therapy to interfere with disease progression.
Limitations. Our findings cannot be extrapolated to the workforce as a whole, since only men included in the study cohort.
Conclusions. Indicators of the diffusing capacity of the lungs, which simultaneously reflect both pulmonary ventilation and perfusion, in combination with findings of body plethysmography and chest CT scan, can provide important information about functional changes in the respiratory system. Early diagnosis of bronchial obstructive syndrome allows timely beginning therapy and prevention of disease progression.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association “Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects” as amended in 2000 and the Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation approved by Order 266 of the Russian Ministry of Health dated June 19, 2003. Ethics approval was provided by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol 10 of December 23, 2019).
Contribution:
Obukhova T.Yu. — study conception and design, analysis and interpretation of results, draft manuscript preparation;
Omelchenko O.G. — data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, draft manuscript preparation;
Budkar L.N. — study conception and design, analysis and interpretation of results, editing;
Gurvich V.B. — study conception and design, editing;
Plotko E.G. — study conception and design, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 20, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1177-1181
The prevalence of working stress and emotional burnout among health workers
Аннотация
Introduction. In the course of their occupational activities, health workers experience a huge burden, which often leads to the development of stress, emotional burnout, and changes in health status.
Goal — to study the prevalence of working stress and the degree of emotional burnout in health workers with different levels of work stress.
Material and methods. Two hundred ten health workers of outpatient polyclinic institutions of Kazan were examined using the questionnaire “RAMIS” (Workplace and stress) and the questionnaire of emotional burnout by K.Maslach (adapted by N.E. Vodopyanova).
Results. There was recorded an increased level of stress among health workers in all age groups (31.6% at a young age, 35% on average, 42.4% in the elderly). Low level of social support (54.2%) and low level of control (43.1%) are the leading factors in the structure of working stress among health workers of outpatient clinics. A high degree of emotional burnout is equally recorded in all the age groups studied (35.9% at a young age, 40% on average, 42.3% in the elderly). A reliable relationship between working stress and emotional burnout has been determined.
Limitations. Health workers in hospitals and private medical clinics were not included, as well as those who did not give informed consent to participate in this study.
Conclusion. A high level of working stress was recorded in each age group studied, the relationship between age and the level of work stress was not revealed. Also, the burnout syndrome was detected in all age groups and had no connection with age. Health workers with a high level of stress were found to be much more likely to suffer from emotional burnout than people with low working stress.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study passed an ethical examination and was approved by the local ethics committee of the Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia. (Minutes of the meeting № 1 dated 02.03.2021).
Contribution:
Sibgatullin I.Ya. — collection and processing of materials, writing and formatting of the text;
Badamshina G.G. — research concept and design, editing;
Fatkhutdinova L.M. — research concept, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out at the expense of grant No. 2/22-9 dated 2.08.2022 of the Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, allocated for research within the framework of the University Development Program.
Received: October 26, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1182-1185
Occupational diseases in construction workers in the Arctic
Аннотация
Introduction. Construction is one of the most important sectors of the economy.
The aim is: to study the causes of development, structure, and prevalence of occupational pathology of construction workers in the Arctic.
Materials and methods. An analysis was made of the data of socio-hygienic monitoring “Working conditions and occupational morbidity” and the Register of extracts from occupational disease records (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated May 28, 2001 No. 176) for 2007–2021 in the Russian Arctic.
Results. Over 2007–2021, construction workers in the Arctic were exposed to thirteen occupational hazards, seven of which (labour severity, harmful chemicals, noise, whole-body and hand-arm vibration, fibrogenic aerosols, cooling microclimate) caused the development of occupational diseases (n=252). Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (38.5%), respiratory organs (16.3%), and sensorineural hearing loss (17.1%) prevailed in their structure. Occupational diseases more often developed among welders (n=31), painters (n=291), mechanics (n=23), and plasterers (n=19). The level of occupational morbidity among construction workers (2.62/10,000 workers) is 2.9–6.3 times lower than for all workers in the Russian Arctic and 20.6–194.7 times lower than for workers in the mining and metallurgical industry of the Russian Arctic. During 15 years, occupational morbidity and the risk of developing occupational pathology (RR=1.29; CI 0.82–2.02) in construction workers did not change.
Limitation. The lack of data on working conditions at construction enterprises in the Russian Arctic in 1997–2006, which could have explained the changes of occupational pathology in 2007–2021.
Conclusion. To preserve the health of construction workers (primarily welders, painters, mechanics, plasterers), it is necessary to improve measures to protect them from the effects of increased labour severity, harmful chemicals and noise.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local committee of Northwest Public Health Research Center (dated May 12, 2021, protocol No. 35.5). Due to the absence of personal data in the study materials, informed voluntary consent to their use is not required.
Contribution:
Syurin S.A. — the concept and design, collection and statistical processing of material, writing text, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Kizeev A.N. — literature analysis; collection and processing of data, preparation of the manuscript.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 20, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1186-1191
Features of the occupational prevalence in health workers in the Republic of Bashkortostan over 2017–2022
Аннотация
Introduction. The labour of health workers (HW) is associated with the impact of adverse factors of various nature including chemical, physical, biological, high neuro-emotional stress, physical activity. All these factors, high workload, round-the-clock working with night shifts, unpredictability of the state of health and responsibility for the life of the patient, high occupational activity, constant psycho-emotional and intellectual stress make the labour of HW to be a complex and responsible type of human activity. Over recent (2020–2021) years, due to the emergence of a highly contagious Covid-19 viral infection, health workers have been in direct contact with patients.
Objective. To determine the features of occupational morbidity among the HR in the Republic of Bashkortostan over 2017–2022 including the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and methods. Data on occupational diseases in HW over 2017–2022 were studied on the base of the materials of the Republican Center for Occupational Pathology of the Ufa Scientific Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology. There were evaluated reports of the final diagnosis of an occupational disease, acts of investigation of occupational diseases, sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, a consolidated annual report on the activities of the Center.
Results. The level of occupational morbidity increased from 0.6‱ in 2017 to 5,6‱ during 2021, i.e. increased by 9.3 times. The nosological, gender, age, occupational and experience structure of morbidity has changed. In 88.8% of cases, the diagnosis of an acute occupational disease due to coronavirus infection was established posthumously: in 2020 — 100%, in 2021 — 86.3%. There were 0.72 deaths from this infection per 1,000 health workers.
Conclusions. To preserve the health and occupational longevity of HW, especially in the context of an epidemiological rise in infectious diseases, it is necessary to strengthen priority measures for primary and secondary prevention, provide personal protective equipment, strengthen disinfection measures, establish a special regime of work and rest, and other preventive and social protection measures.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Karamova L.M. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Galimova R.R., Vlasova N.V. — work with literary sources;
Suleimanova I.F., Basyrova A.R. — collection and processing of material;
Valeeva E.T., Shaikhlislamova E.R. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 23, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1192-1198
Assessment of the lung tissue fibrosis in workers exposed to silica-hazardous dust for a long time
Аннотация
Introduction. Silicosis is the most common and severe type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust containing more than 10% of crystalline silica in the occupational setting. The chest X-ray plays a decisive role in the diagnosis of the disease.
The purpose of our work was to establish lung tissue fibrosis in industrial workers suffering from silicosis.
Materials and methods. In 2015–2022, ten patients with silicosis, employed at a Ural refractory manufacturing plant as press operators (Group 1) for the average of 17.23 ± 4.31 years, were examined at the Occupational Health Clinic of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers. The comparison group (Group 2) included 34 press operators without pneumoconiosis who had worked for more than 10 years in hazardous working conditions. The control group (Group 3) consisted of 32 people of different occupations unexposed to industrial dusts. All the subjects were matched by gender (male) and age (50.7 ± 5.25 years). Lung tissue fibrosis was measured by multislice computed tomography using a GE OPTIMA 660 128 Slice CT Scanner with accessories, GE HealthCare Japan, manufactured in 2012. The data were then analyzed in Statistica for Windows 7.
Results. We established a decrease in tissue fibrosis in the apexes and inferior lobes of both lungs and an increase in the fibrosis in groups of target lymph nodes (11–14R, 2L, 10L) in the silicosis cases, and an increase in Hounsfield units in target groups of lymph nodes (2R, 4R, 10R, 11–14R, 2L, 11–14L) in the comparison group.
Limitations. The study includes only workers engaged in refractory manufacturing with over 10 years of exposure to silica. For CT lung densitometry, the limitation is the permissible radiation dose of less than 5 mSv per year.
Conclusion. The results of CT densitometry of the lungs and targeted groups of lymph nodes demonstrate its high efficiency in the quantitative assessment of dust-related disorders in patients with silicosis and in experienced workers occupationally exposed to crystalline silica.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol 1 of July 6, 2017). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Contribution:
Kashanskaya E.P. — study conception, literature review, data collection and analysis;
Lipatov G.Ya. — study conception and design, editing;
Gogoleva O.I. — study conception and design, editing;
Nosyreva O.M. — literature review, data collection and analysis, draft manuscript preparation;
Ganicheva Yu.A. — literature review, data collection and analysis, draft manuscript preparation;
Guselnikov S.R. — literature review, data collection and analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 25, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1199-1203
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
CYP1A1 (RS4646421) gene polymorphism and peculiarities of immune profile in children under aerogenic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene
Аннотация
Introduction. The benzo(a)pyrene exposure forms the special phenotype of the immune profile in children. The study of immune system features associated with the polymorphism of detoxification genes is relevant in the conditions of health risks linked with environmental pollution.
Materials and methods. There was performed clinical and laboratory examination of four hundred seventy nine children aged of 3–6 years. The observation group consisted of 308 children living in conditions of aerogenic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. The comparison group included 171 children from a relatively clean territory. Determination of benzo(a)pyrene concentration in an atmospheric air and in blood was carried out by HPLC. The study of polymorphism of CYP1A1 (rs4646421) gene was carried out by real-time PCR. CD3+CD4+-lymphocyte phenotyping was performed by flow cytometry, IgG to benzo(a)pyrene — by allergosorbent testing.
Results. Aerogenic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene at an average daily dose of 8.76•10–2 µg/(kg•day) causes an increase in the level of blood contamination with PAH, forms an imbalance of the immune profile (IgG to benzo(a)pyrene hyperproduction, CD3+CD4+-lymphocyte expression deficiency and CD4+/CD8+ decrease) associated with T-allele and CT-genotype of the CYP1A1 gene (rs4646421) (OR(CI)=2.35–6.65; p<0.05). Children with the CT-genotype of the CYP1A1 gene (rs4646421) are characterized by the most pronounced changes in the immune profile (excess IgG to benzo(a)pyrene; reduction of CD3+CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ against the background of maximum blood contamination with benzo(a)pyrene in relation to other genotypic groups (OR(CI)=1.64–3.08; p<0.05).
Limitations. The limitations are related to the need to increase the sample and verify the results obtained in subsequent observations.
Conclusion. The peculiarities of the immune profile in CT-genotype carriers of the CYP1A1 (rs4646421) gene under the conditions of aerogenic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene at a dose of 8.76•10–2 mcg/(kg•day) should include the formation of specific sensitization to benzo(a)pyrene, deficiency of cellular differentiation clusters: CD3+CD4+-lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ reduction associated with blood contamination with benzo(a)pyrene, which indicate the likelihood of hereditary predisposition realization and the formation of immune regulation disorders associated with exposure to benzo(a)pyrene.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was carried out in compliance with the ethical requirements of the Helsinki Declaration of the WMA 2000 and the Protocol of the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine 1999. The study was approved by the LEC of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (Protocol No. 23 of 12/20/2021). Informed consent was obtained for all participants.
Contribution:
Nikonoshina N.A. — genotyping, markers of immune state, statistical processing, writing and editing text;
Dolgikh O.V. — concept and design of research, writing and editing of text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 9, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1204-1209
PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
Evaluation of mutagenic activity of the food dye Ponceau 4R in a micronuclear test in mice
Аннотация
Introduction. Food monoazo dye E124 Ponceau 4R is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. An analysis of the available data on the evaluation of the genetic safety of E124 based on the main marker events of genotoxicity revealed their inconsistency, possibly associated with quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the studied samples for impurities.
The aim of the work is to evaluate the mutagenic activity in the micronucleus test in mice of several commercial samples of E124 present on the domestic market.
Materials and methods. Three samples of E124 from different manufacturers (India) were studied. To assess the identity of Ponceau 4R substances, there was used method of MIR-spectroscopy — universal ART technique. Aqueous dye solutions were administered to the stomach of male CBA × C57Bl6/j) mice at doses of 125 to 2000 mg/kg twice with an interval of 24 hours and preparations were prepared 24 hours after the last injection. To assess the frequency of polychromatophilic erythrocytes (PCE) with micronuclei (MN), 4000 PCE were analyzed, the proportion of PCE among all erythrocytes — 500 cells per animal.
Results. Ponceau 4 R was determined in all samples. All E124 samples caused an increase in the frequency of PCE with MN (p < 0.05–0.001, T test) after exposure at all levels studied in a linear dose-dependent manner. The proportion of PCE from all erythrocytes did not change.
Limitations. The data obtained do not allow determining the mechanism of the genotoxic action of the test substance.
Conclusion. An analysis of the frequency of MN PCEs in the bone marrow in mice after a double injection at doses of 125–2000 mg/kg revealed the genotoxicity of three samples Ponceau 4R.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Research Institute of EDiTO Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Yurchenko V.V. — concept and design of the study, work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytogenetic analysis, statistical analysis, analysis of literature, writing a text;
Akhaltseva L.V. — cytogenetic analysis, search for literature sources, analysis of literature;
Yurtseva N.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytogenetic analysis, search for literature sources;
Konyashkina M.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytogenetic analysis, cytogenetic analysis, search for literature sources;
Lebedev A.S. — verification of Ponceau 4R substances for identity. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task «Complex system for assessing the genotoxicity of food additives» Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia.
Received: August 9, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1210-1214
Apoptosis as a mechanism of human respiratory cell death upon exposure to carbon nanotubes
Аннотация
Introduction. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a group of promising nanomaterials for industrial and biomedical applications. There has been shown influence of the physicochemical characteristics of CNTs on the toxic effects, including the ability to cause DNA damage and induce apoptosis. In this study, there was carried out a comparative assessment of pro-apoptotic effects under exposure to single-walled and multi-walled CNTs produced in Russia on human respiratory cells.
Materials and methods. Human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B, alveolar epithelial cells A549, and lung fibroblasts MRC5-SV40 were exposed to pristine and purified TUBALL™ SWCNTs and Taunit-M MWCNTs. In cells exposed to 4 concentrations (100, 50, 0.03, 0.0006 μg/ml) of all types of CNTs for 72 hours, the level of mRNA of the P53, BAX and BCL2 genes, as well as the level of reactive oxygen species were assessed.
Results. All types of CNTs initiated apoptosis in human respiratory epithelial cells BEAS-2B and A549, but not in MRC5-SV40 lung fibroblasts. BEAS-2B were more sensitive to the effects of MWCNTs, while A549 were more sensitive to pristine SWCNTs. Apoptosis was initiated at low concentrations, including those corresponding to industrial exposures. The mechanism of oxidative stress could act as a factor in triggering apoptosis in lung epithelial cells.
Limitations. Relatively short (72 hours) cell incubation time and the use of 2D cell models that do not consider real cell interactions.
Conclusion. There were revealed differences in the mechanisms of initiation of the internal pathway of apoptosis and sensitivity to different types of CNTs depending on the type of epithelial cells. Comparative analysis of the initiation of apoptosis by different types of CNTs has shown that there are differences in potential target cells and toxic mechanisms, which should be considered in further studies.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.
Contribution:
Fatkhutdinova L.M. — research design, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing;
Gabidinova G.F. — review of the literature, cell cultivation, cell tests, data processing, manuscript writing;
Dimiev A.M. — development of methods for preparing suspensions of materials for introduction into cells;
Valeeva E.V. — cell tests (gene expression);
Timerbulatova G.A. — review of the literature, cell cultivation, cell tests, summarizing the results obtained manuscript writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant № 22-25-00512, https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-00512/
Received: October 12, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1215-1223
Expression of the CDKN1A, MDM2, and ATM genes as a biomarker of the toxic effect of heavy metals (literature review)
Аннотация
The development of new approaches enabling differentiation of a wide range of toxic effects can significantly improve risk assessment. To understand the response mechanisms at the molecular level, it is important to study the expression of genes responsible for DNA repair, since this process is one of the early responses to toxic effects.
The purpose of the study was to summarize available data on the expression of repair CDKN1A, MDM2, and ATM genes associated with toxic effects of exposure to heavy metals.
A systematic search was carried out to identify studies on a given topic in the PubMed, Web of Science, eLIBRARY and Google Scholar electronic databases using the following keywords: heavy metals, CDKN1A, MDM2, ATM, toxicity, DNA repair, and gene expression. The initial search for scientific publications was carried out independently by three authors; then all sources found were checked and compared to filter out duplicate papers. This review covers 50 literature sources.
The analysis of toxicogenome studies allowed us to identify several genes for assessing heavy metal toxicity among a large number of candidate biomarkers. The most commonly considered genes are the p21/CDKN1A gene, the MDM2 proto-oncogene, and the ATM gene.
Limitations. The review is limited to considering changes in the expression of only a small number of genes responsible for DNA repair.
Conclusion. The expression of the above biomarker genes provides a detailed picture of the response of a biological system to hazardous exposures and can be used as part of the assessment of toxic effects.
Contributions. All co-authors made a significant contribution to the development of concept, research and preparation of the article, read and approved its final version before publication.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 9, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1224-1227
Integral indicators of cardiotoxicity of lead and cadmium on the background of physical activity
Аннотация
Introduction. Modern metallurgical production is characterized by mixed exposure of workers to harmful chemicals, of which lead and cadmium are the most common. A high physical workload is yet another occupational risk factor for metallurgists.
Objective. Experimental study of effects of lead or cadmium and physical load on integral indicators of cardiotoxicity in rats.
Materials and methods. We have carried out two 6-week experiments on rats to study integral indicators of cardiotoxicity of lead or cadmium and their changes under effect of physical activity. Solutions of lead or cadmium salts were administered intraperitoneally three times a week. Physical workload was simulated on a treadmill (10 min/day, 5 days a week). At the end of the experiment, electrocardiogram and blood pressure parameters were registered non-invasively.
Results. Lead and cadmium had a cardiotoxic effect manifested by ECG changes. No pronounced hemodynamic changes were observed in our studies. According to ECG parameters, physical load slightly mitigates cardiotoxic effects of lead, but enhances manifestations of cadmium toxicity.
Limitations. Data comparison can be affected by the fact that both outbred and inbred rats were used in the experiments. Caution should be taken when extrapolating animal data to humans since electrophysiological processes in the work of the heart differ in small rodents and large mammals.
Conclusion. The established ambiguity of the impact of the physical workload on cardiotoxic effects of heavy metals necessitates further studies of this problem.
Compliance with ethical standards. The studies were approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 8 of November 8, 2018, protocol No. 4 of September 30, 2022).
Contribution:
Klinova S.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text; Minigalieva I.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Sutunkova M.P. — the concept and design of the study;
Shabardina L.V. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 3, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1228-1235
Experimental assessment of the protective effect of hydroxymethyluracil complex compounds under extreme exposure to acrylamide
Аннотация
Introduction. Acrylamide is widely used in industry. Considering the potential danger of acute acrylamide poisoning, it seems urgent to search for new effective ways to protect and increase the body’s resistance to extreme exposure.
The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the protective effect of hydroxymethyluracil complex compounds when administering moderate lethal doses of acrylamide to laboratory animals.
Materials and methods. The subacute experiment was conducted on thirty outbred male rats weighted of 189–194 g. For 14 days, a toxicant was administered intragastrically at a dose of 20 mg per kg of body weight, then a single dose of 200 mg per kg of body weight was administered. Animals received complex compounds of hydroxymethyluracil with ascorbic acid and sodium succinate (50 mg per kg body weight), with acetylcysteine (500 mg per kg body weight) one hour before acrylamide. Against the background of the administration of complex compounds without acrylamide to the animals. Then one week later, an analysis of the mortality was carried out, and the weight coefficients of the liver and kidneys were determined in the surviving animals.
Results. When acrylamide was administered to animals at the level of average lethal doses, 4 out of 6 animals died in the positive control group. In the groups in which animals received, in addition to acrylamide, the compound of hydroxymethyluracil with ascorbic acid and sodium succinate, the death rate was 2 out of 6 rats. Among the animals that received the compound of hydroxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine, no mortality was recorded within 7 days, as in the group negative control.
Limitations of the study are that the protective effect of hydroxymethyluracil complex compounds was assessed only on one species and gender of laboratory animals.
Conclusion. The complex compound of hydroxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine has a significant protective effect on male rats under extreme exposure to acrylamide at the level of moderate lethal doses. For a more complete understanding of the mechanism of action and a final judgment about the protective properties of the being studied complex compounds, it is necessary to continue research with analysis of changes in other indicators of the health status of laboratory animals.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the bioethical commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63 /EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Khusnutdinova N.Yu. — research design, collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Repina E.F. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Yakupova T.G. — data collection and processing, statistical analysis;
Gimadieva A.R. — synthesis of complex compounds of oxymethyluracil;
Karimov D.O. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Shaykhlislamova E.R. — editing;
Bakirov A.B. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Karimov D.D., Baygildin S.S., Chernyaeva E.Yu. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out as part of the implementation of the state task for the industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor “Scientific justification of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia” for 2021–2025. clause 6.1.8, state no. registration 121062100058-8. The synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil composition was carried out in accordance with the research plan of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State Registration No. AAAA-A19-119011790021-4).
Received: September 21, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1236-1240
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Posterior assessment of airborne non-carcinogenic health risk of the population of a large industrial center
Аннотация
Introduction. This article suggests an alternative solution to the task of quantifying and describing health harm under exposure to non-carcinogenic risk factors.
Materials and methods. We have developed and tested a methodical approach that includes five subsequent steps; it is eligible for posterior quantification of non-carcinogenic health risks represented by additional diseases cases associated with poor ambient air quality. The approach relies on unified and validated methods for assessing exposure and health risks, mathematical parameterization of cause-effect relations within the "environment – public health" system, and calculation of additional incidence as well as combined assessment of all the obtained results.
Results. According to calculated data, which were also verified by instrumental observations of ambient air quality, the existing hygienic standards are violated as per 27 chemicals in residential areas. Elevated hazard quotients are identified for 26 chemicals (up to 98.7HQac; up to 62.7HQch). Additive effects of the analyzed chemicals crated elevated hazard indices (HI) in residential areas that could be ranked as "alerting" (3
Limitations. The suggested approaches have been obtained by calculation. Their results might differ from those obtained by targeted in-depth investigations aimed at creating an evidence base of health harm under adverse environmental conditions that do not conform to hygienic standards. The parameters of mathematical models within "the environment – public health" system have been obtained for a limited range of exposure to pollutants in ambient air and a limited list of airborne health risk factors.
Conclusion. The suggested methodical approaches to posterior assessment of non-carcinogenic health risks allows quantifying these health risks as additional diseases associated with poor quality of the environment; they enlarge the results of health risk assessment and make them more precise, validate and support them with hygienic significance. They can be utilized within optimization of social and hygienic monitoring and assessment of effectiveness of implemented prevention activities.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require permission by the committee on biomedical ethics (the study was accomplished with use of the publicly available and depersonified official statistic data.
Contributions:
Zaitseva N.V. — study concept and design, editing;
Kleyn S.V. — study concept and design, editing, data collection and analysis, writing the text;
May I.V. — study concept and design, editing;
Kiryanov D.A. — data collection and analysis;
Goriaev D.V. — study concept and design, editing;
Andrishunas A.М. — data collection and analysis, writing the text;
Balashov S.Yu. — data collection and analysis, writing the text;
Chigvintsev V.M. — data collection and analysis;
Khismatullin D.R. — writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 6, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1241-1250
METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Detection of microplastics particles in the aquatic environment by staining
Аннотация
Introduction. Microplastics are among the most common environmental contaminants worldwide, which levels of pollution and harm to health have begun to be assessed only recently. Biological activity of microplastics has been established in "in vivo" and "in vitro": studies: they were found to impair the development and functioning of the digestive, reproductive, central nervous, immune, and circulatory systems, induce tissue and organ dysplasia, be geno-, neuro-, and cytotoxic. The findings necessitate monitoring of microplastics in water by supervisory authorities and business entities. Yet, there is no official method for determining microplastics in the aqueous environment in the Russian Federation.
Our objective was to apply an express method for the qualitative determination of microplastics in surface waters and treated water before supply.
Materials and methods. We analyzed water samples taken from two regional reservoirs and at water treatment plants before supply to the centralized system in two industrial cities of the Sverdlovsk Region by Nile red staining and subsequent identification of microplastics using a phase-contrast fluorescence microscope.
Results. We found microplastics in both surface and treated water samples, and established their shape and size.
Limitations. This method evaluates only qualitative characteristics of microplastics without establishing their chemical composition; the resolution of a microscope determines analytical accuracy.
Conclusions. The applied method has enabled us to find microplastics in surface waters sampled at different depths and in the treated water before supply. Round and rod-shaped particles were observed in both types of water while those in the form of elongated filaments were detected only in surface water samples.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Khlystov I.A. — study conception and design, draft manuscript preparation and editing, collection of literature data;
Bushueva T.V. — study conception and design, editing;
Gribova Yu.V., Karpova E.P. — data collection and processing;
Kharkova P.K. — collection of literature data;
Labzova A.K. — data collection and processing, editing;
Bugayeva A.V., Sakhautdinova R.R. — editing;
Gurvich V.B. — study conception and design.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: August 31, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1251-1254
Analysis and evaluation of the current state of sanitary and parasitological methods of soil investigation
Аннотация
Introduction. The unregulated use of undisinfected sewage, their sludge, manure and runoff from livestock farms plays a leading role in the contamination of soil, agricultural, vegetable, and berry crops with invasive material, creating a high risk of infection for people and animals with pathogens of helminthiases and intestinal protozoal diseases.
The purpose of the research was to analyze and evaluate the current state of the presented sanitary and parasitological methods for studying soils.
Materials and methods. The material was retrospectively analyzed literary data, state reports of Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing on the pollution of residential soils for 2019–2021.
Results. As part of the experimental studies, there was made an assessment of approved sanitary and parasitological methods for studying soils, modern PCR methods and the patented IFM-IMS. The following results were obtained: Lamblia intestinalis, Toxocara spp. failed to be detected by Romanenko’s method found in 33.8% of cases, by Padchenko’s method Lamblia intestinalis — in 21.2% of cases, Toxocara spp. not detected, by the patented IMS-IFM method Lamblia intestinalis were found in 75.4%, Toxocara spp. — in 69.7%, by PCR, Lamblia intestinalis — in 11.4%, and Toxocara spp — in 34.1%.
Limitations are related to the use in our own experimental studies of 2 types of parasitic agents — geohelminth eggs Toxocara spp. and cysts of the protozoan Lamblia intestinalis, as well as 2 types of soils, while data from state reports of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing contain the results of sanitary and parasitological control over the entire range of pathogens detected in various types of soils of the Russian Federation.
Conclusion. It seems promising to introduce new parasitological soil research methods along with those approved to obtain a more complete and reliable picture of the level of parasitic contamination of soils in the Russian Federation for the timely implementation of stages of preventive measures.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion.
Contribution:
Aslanova M.M. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, text writing, editing;
Zagainova A.V. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Mania T.R., Abramov I.A. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, editing;
Rakitina D.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Kurbatova I.V. — statistical processing;
Savostikova O.N. — concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: March 9, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: December 8, 2023
1255-1260
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.