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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Архив акушерства и гинекологии им. В.Ф. Снегирева</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-8726</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1386</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">703810</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/aog703810</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">COAPWU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">General concepts of microbiome and holobiont. Dysbiosis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome: clinical relevance for obstetrician-gynecologists, reproductive specialists, and andrologists</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Общие понятия микробиома и голобионта. Дисбиоз и синдром избыточного бактериального роста в тонком кишечнике: клиническое значение для акушера-гинеколога, репродуктолога, андролога</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>微生物组与全生物体的一般概念。菌群失调与小肠细菌过度生长综合征：对产科-妇科医生、生殖专科医生及男科医生的临床意义</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5628-8758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8643-4720</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guzov</surname><given-names>Igor I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гузов</surname><given-names>Игорь Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Guzov</surname><given-names>Igor I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>guzov@cironline.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5974-4942</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2628-3186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechyorina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печёрина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Юрьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pechyorina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>katherine.kuzina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Immunology and Reproduction Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр иммунологии и репродукции</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Immunology and Reproduction Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">CIR Laboratory</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лаборатория Центра иммунологии и репродукции</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">CIR Laboratory</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-29"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-11"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/703810">https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/703810</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern medicine increasingly recognizes the pivotal role of the microbiome in health; however, its influence on reproductive function and related disorders remains insufficiently understood in a comprehensive context. This review analyzes the general concepts of the microbiome and holobiont and their clinical relevance for obstetrician-gynecologists, reproductive medicine specialists, and andrologists, with particular emphasis on dysbiosis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The growing prevalence of infertility, pregnancy loss, and other reproductive disorders potentially linked to microbial imbalance underscores the relevance of this topic.</p> <p>The review provides contemporary definitions of the microbiome as a microbial community and its functional sphere, and the holobiont as an integrated system comprising the host and all associated microorganisms that function as a single unit. The main functions of the human microbiome are discussed in detail, including digestion, immune system education, pathogen protection, and nutrient production. Special attention is given to the impact of dysbiosis and SIBO on systemic processes such as metabolic endotoxemia and increased intestinal permeability, which lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions.</p> <p>The novelty of this work is the systematic review of the relationship between gut dysbiosis and reproductive health, including its effects on infertility, implantation failure, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, spermatogenesis, and the risk of reproductive cancers. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which microbiome disturbances, particularly SIBO, can negatively affect male and female fertility, and learn about potential clinical consequences such as autoimmune conditions, metabolic disorders, and urogenital microbiota changes—which is critical for reproductive medicine specialists.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современная медицина всё больше признаёт ключевую роль микробиома в поддержании здоровья человека, однако его влияние на репродуктивную функцию и связанные с ней патологии остаётся недостаточно изученным в комплексном контексте. Настоящая обзорная работа посвящена анализу общих понятий микробиома и голобионта, а также их клинического значения для акушеров-гинекологов, репродуктологов и андрологов, с особым акцентом на дисбиоз и синдром избыточного бактериального роста в тонком кишечнике. Актуальность исследования обусловлена растущим числом случаев бесплодия, невынашивания беременности и других репродуктивных нарушений, которые могут быть связаны с дисбалансом микрофлоры.</p> <p>В обзоре представлены современные определения микробиома как микробного сообщества с его сферой деятельности и голобионта как интегрированной системы хозяина и всех связанных с ним микроорганизмов, функционирующих как единое целое. Подробно рассмотрены основные функции микробиома человека, в том числе поддержка пищеварения, обучение иммунной системы, защита от патогенов и выработка питательных веществ. Особое внимание уделено влиянию дисбиоза и синдрома избыточного бактериального роста в тонком кишечнике на системные процессы, такие как метаболическая эндотоксемия и повышение проницаемости кишечника, что приводит к хроническому воспалению и аутоиммунным реакциям.</p> <p>Новизна работы заключается в систематизации данных о взаимосвязи дисбиоза кишечника и репродуктивного здоровья, в том числе о влиянии на бесплодие, нарушения имплантации, синдром поликистозных яичников, эндометриоз, сперматогенез и риск онкологических заболеваний репродуктивной системы. Читатель получит углублённое представление о механизмах, посредством которых нарушения микробиома, в частности синдром избыточного бактериального роста в тонком кишечнике, могут негативно влиять на фертильность мужчин и женщин, а также узнает о потенциальных клинических последствиях, таких как развитие аутоиммунных состояний, метаболических нарушений и изменение микрофлоры урогенитального тракта, что крайне важно для специалистов в области репродуктологии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本综述探讨了微生物组和全生物体在生殖健康及病理中至关重要但常被忽视的作用，重点关注菌群失调和SIBO。旨在为生殖专科医生提供关于微生物失衡如何影响生育力、妊娠结局及生殖障碍的全面理解，并详述其机制和临床意义。</p> <p>现代医学日益认识到微生物组在维持人类健康中的关键作用；然而，其对生殖功能及相关病理的影响在综合背景下仍未得到充分探讨。本综述旨在分析微生物组和全生物体的一般概念及其对产科-妇科医生、生殖专科医生和男科医生的临床意义，特别强调菌群失调和小肠细菌过度生长（SIBO）。该研究的现实意义在于不孕症、复发性流产及其他可能与微生物菌群失衡相关的生殖障碍病例日益增多。</p> <p>本综述介绍了微生物组作为具有其活动范围的微生物群落的当代定义，以及全生物体作为宿主与所有相关微生物共同构成一个功能整体的综合系统。详细讨论了人类微生物组的主要功能，包括支持消化、免疫系统教育、抵御病原体和营养物质生成。特别关注菌群失调和小肠细菌过度生长对系统过程的影响，如代谢性内毒素血症和肠道通透性增加，这些可导致慢性炎症和自身免疫反应。</p> <p>本工作的新颖性在于系统整理了肠道菌群失调与生殖健康之间相互关系的数据，包括其对不孕症、着床失败、多囊卵巢综合征、子宫内膜异位症、精子发生以及生殖系统肿瘤风险的影响。读者将深入了解微生物组紊乱（尤其是小肠细菌过度生长）对男性和女性生育力产生负面影响的机制。此外，读者还将了解潜在的临床后果，如自身免疫性疾病的发生、代谢紊乱及泌尿生殖道微生物群的改变，这对生殖医学专科医生至关重要。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>holobiont</kwd><kwd>dysbiosis</kwd><kwd>small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</kwd><kwd>reproductive health</kwd><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>oncology</kwd><kwd>GI tract</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>голобионт</kwd><kwd>дисбиоз</kwd><kwd>синдром избыточного бактериального роста в тонком кишечнике</kwd><kwd>репродуктивное здоровье</kwd><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>онкология</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечный тракт</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>微生物组</kwd><kwd>全生物体</kwd><kwd>菌群失调</kwd><kwd>小肠细菌过度生长综合征</kwd><kwd>生殖健康</kwd><kwd>不孕症</kwd><kwd>肿瘤学</kwd><kwd>胃肠道</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, et al. 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