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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Архив акушерства и гинекологии им. В.Ф. Снегирева</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-8726</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1386</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/aog692195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ABNQIS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic markers of endometrial hyperplasia: from pathogenesis to personalized therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетические маркёры гиперплазии эндометрия: от патогенеза к персонализации терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>子宫内膜增生的遗传标志物：从发病机制到个体化治疗</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-9074</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5519-2836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Overko</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оверко</surname><given-names>Алексей Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Overko</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>leha.overko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6091-892X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6866-1360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>Tatiana F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>Татьяна Феликсовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>Tatiana F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>t_kov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2353-123X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9407-9014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ozolinya</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Озолиня</surname><given-names>Людмила Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ozolinya</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine); Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук; профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine); Professor</p></bio><email>ozolinya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-3633</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7823-2660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlynova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлынова</surname><given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khlynova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine); Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук; доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine); Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>doc-khlinova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-4944</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3157-3682</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук; профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>12111944t@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin &amp; Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. акад. М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Shemyakin &amp; Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>423</fpage><lpage>433</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-01-09"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/692195">https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/692195</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Endometrial hyperplasia, particularly in perimenopause, constitutes a major clinical challenge in gynecology due to its high risk of malignant transformation into endometrial cancer, which is driven by a complex interplay between genetic alterations and hormonal imbalance. Evidence suggests that certain genetic markers (<italic>ESR1</italic>, <italic>C-MYC</italic>, <italic>PIK3CA</italic>, <italic>PTENP1</italic>, <italic>MTHFR</italic>, <italic>EGFR</italic>) contribute to the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia by disrupting the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA methylation. <italic>ESR1</italic> polymorphisms increase estrogen receptor density, thereby enhancing the proliferative response of the endometrium. <italic>C-MYC</italic> overexpression correlates with progression to atypical forms, although it is also observed during physiologic regeneration. <italic>PIK3CA</italic> mutations result in constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and are associated with therapeutic resistance. Loss of function of the pseudogene <italic>PTENP1</italic> disrupts regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN, thereby promoting uncontrolled cellular proliferation. <italic>MTHFR</italic> polymorphisms impair DNA methylation and heighten susceptibility to epigenetic dysregulation. <italic>EGFR</italic> overexpression enhances proliferation through the MAPK/ERK pathway, particularly in obesity. The clinical significance of these markers is often influenced by underlying conditions, and their role remains ambiguous due to population differences and methodological heterogeneity across studies. A promising direction in the management of this condition is the development of integrative prognostic models that combine genetic testing with clinical parameters for risk stratification and early prevention of endometrial cancer.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гиперплазия эндометрия, особенно в перименопаузе, представляет собой значимую клиническую проблему в гинекологии в связи с высоким риском малигнизации в рак эндометрия, который определяется сложным взаимодействием генетических нарушений и гормонального дисбаланса. Существует мнение, что некоторые генетические маркёры (<italic>ESR1</italic>,<italic> C-MYC</italic>,<italic> PIK3CA</italic>,<italic> PTENP1</italic>,<italic> MTHFR</italic>,<italic> EGFR</italic>) влияют на патогенез гиперплазии эндометрия, нарушая регуляцию пролиферации, апоптоза и метилирования ДНК. Полиморфизмы гена <italic>ESR1</italic> повышают плотность эстрогеновых рецепторов, усиливая пролиферативный ответ эндометрия. Гиперэкспрессия <italic>C-MYC</italic> коррелирует с прогрессированием в атипические формы, но отмечается и при физиологической регенерации. Мутации <italic>PIK3CA</italic> приводят к конститутивной активации пути PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ассоциируясь с устойчивостью к терапии. Потеря функции псевдогена <italic>PTENP1</italic> нарушает регуляцию опухолевого супрессора PTEN, способствуя неконтролируемому росту. Полиморфизм <italic>MTHFR</italic> нарушает метилирование ДНК, повышая чувствительность к эпигенетическим нарушениям. Гиперэкспрессия <italic>EGFR</italic> усиливает пролиферацию через путь MAPK/ERK, особенно на фоне ожирения. Клиническая значимость этих маркёров часто зависит от фоновых состояний, а их роль остаётся неоднозначной из-за популяционных различий и методологической неоднородности исследований. Перспективным направлением в лечении данной патологии является разработка интегративных прогностических моделей, сочетающих генетическое тестирование с клиническими параметрами для стратификации риска и ранней профилактики рака эндометрия.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>子宫内膜增生，尤其在围绝经期，是妇科领域具有重要临床意义的问题之一，因为其向子宫内膜癌恶变的风险由基因异常与激素失衡之间的复杂相互作用共同决定。有观点认为，多种遗传标志物（ESR1、C-MYC、PIK3CA、PTENP1、MTHFR、EGFR）可能通过影响细胞增殖、凋亡以及 DNA 甲基化的调控而参与子宫内膜增生的发生机制。ESR1基因多态性可增加雌激素受体密度，从而增强子宫内膜的增殖反应。C-MYC的高表达与向不典型增生形式的进展呈相关性，但在生理性再生过程中同样可见。PIK3CA突变会造成PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的持续激活，并与治疗抵抗有关。PTENP1假基因功能缺失破坏了对抑癌基因PTEN的调控，促进失控增殖。MTHFR多态性导致DNA甲基化受损，提高对表观遗传异常的易感性。EGFR过表达通过MAPK/ERK通路增强增殖效应，且在伴有肥胖的患者中更为常见。这些标志物的临床意义往往依赖于基础状态；由于人群差异及研究方法的异质性，其作用仍不完全明确。未来治疗的一个前景方向是建立整合性预测模型，将基因检测与临床参数相结合，用于风险分层及子宫内膜癌的早期预防。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>endometrial hyperplasia</kwd><kwd>perimenopause</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic markers</kwd><kwd>ESR1</kwd><kwd>C-MYC</kwd><kwd>PIK3CA</kwd><kwd>PTENP1</kwd><kwd>MTHFR</kwd><kwd>EGFR</kwd><kwd>polymorphisms</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиперплазия эндометрия</kwd><kwd>перименопауза</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетические маркёры</kwd><kwd>ESR1</kwd><kwd>C-MYC</kwd><kwd>PIK3CA</kwd><kwd>PTENP1</kwd><kwd>MTHFR</kwd><kwd>EGFR</kwd><kwd>полиморфизмы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>子宫内膜增生</kwd><kwd>围绝经期</kwd><kwd>分子遗传标志物</kwd><kwd>ESR1</kwd><kwd>C-MYC</kwd><kwd>PIK3CA</kwd><kwd>PTENP1</kwd><kwd>MTHFR</kwd><kwd>EGFR</kwd><kwd>基因多态性</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">俄羅斯科學基金會</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-15-00097</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wang L, Wei W, Cai M. 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