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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Архив акушерства и гинекологии им. В.Ф. Снегирева</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-8726</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1386</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/aog690539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EAVCFQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A contemporary perspective on predicting early postpartum hemorrhage: risk factor stratification for developing a predictive scoring system</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Актуальный взгляд на прогнозирование раннего послеродового кровотечения: стратификация факторов риска для создания прогностической шкалы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>早期产后出血预测的最新视角：基于危险因素分层构建预测量表</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3712-3280</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5362-3441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gutsu</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуцу</surname><given-names>Владимр</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gutsu</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gutsu_vladimir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-0023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4946-8849</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timokhina</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимохина</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Timokhina</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>timokhina_e_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9945-3848</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8073-1817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatko</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатко</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ignatko</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корр. РАН</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>ignatko_i_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0531-0899</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9194-9863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarakhova</surname><given-names>Dzhamilia Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сарахова</surname><given-names>Джамиля Хажбаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sarakhova</surname><given-names>Dzhamilia Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>SarakhovaDK@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7375-5666</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6889-6038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Yulia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Юлия Михайловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Yulia M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yulia.mp@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3239-1948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Stanislav G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетников</surname><given-names>Станислав Георгевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Reshetnikov</surname><given-names>Stanislav G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.reshetnikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7358-9198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyubchich</surname><given-names>Natalya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Любчич</surname><given-names>Наталия Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lyubchich</surname><given-names>Natalya I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lubchich@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9661-5338</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1929-5879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedyunina</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федюнина</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Fedyunina</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>fedyunina_i_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9398-9900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3872-7167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Churganova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурганова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Churganova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>churganova_a_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-8424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kov.nickolay@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0687-2962</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dedova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дедова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Dedova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>08liza2004@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital n.a. S.S. Yudin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница им. С.С. Юдина</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">City Clinical Hospital n.a. S.S. Yudin</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>462</fpage><lpage>473</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-12"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-01-09"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/690539">https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/690539</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Early postpartum hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication that requires emergency care and a multidisciplinary approach. In addition to the main etiological causes of hemorrhage (the 4T concept), the influence of other factors has been identified, the study of which allows for the development of predictive scoring systems, differentiated preventive strategies, and minimization of the risk of early postpartum hemorrhage.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To identify factors influencing the development of early postpartum hemorrhage, stratify the obtained data, and develop a risk assessment scoring system for this complication.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective case–control study was conducted. The main group (<italic>n</italic> = 219) included women whose deliveries were complicated by early postpartum hemorrhage, whereas the control group (<italic>n</italic> = 219) consisted of women without postpartum hemorrhage. A list of potential factors determining the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (comprising 38 parameters in total) was compiled. The effect of each parameter on hemorrhage risk was assessed using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, <italic>p</italic> values for statistical significance, and the Student <italic>t</italic> test. Logistic regression analysis was used to stratify the impact of predictors on the development of early postpartum hemorrhage.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Statistical analysis identified 25 factors that significantly increased the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Oligohydramnios at the time of hospitalization increased the risk of postpartum hemorrhage by 1.6 times, polyhydramnios by 1.7 times, premature rupture of membranes by 1.7 times, class I obesity by 1.9 times, class II obesity by 2.2 times, gestational diabetes mellitus by 2.0 times, and the presence of a uterine scar after cesarean delivery or myomectomy by 2.2 times. Using logistic regression analysis and odds ratio data, these predictors were successfully stratified and integrated into a unified scoring system for assessing the risk of early postpartum hemorrhage.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The proposed risk stratification score for postpartum hemorrhage serves as a clinical decision support tool in urgent settings, enabling rapid and objective assessment of early postpartum hemorrhage risk, timely implementation of preventive measures, and improvement of maternal outcomes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Раннее послеродовое кровотечение — жизнеугрожающее осложнение, требующее оказания неотложной помощи и мультидисциплинарного подхода. Помимо основных этиологических причин кровотечения (концепция 4t), отмечено влияние и иных факторов, изучение которых позволит разработать прогностические шкалы, дифференцированно подходить к профилактике и минимизировать риски развития раннего послеродового кровотечения.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Выявление факторов, влияющих на развитие раннего послеродового кровотечения, стратификация полученных данных и составление шкалы расчёта риска развития данного осложнения.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено ретроспективное исследование по типу случай–контроль. В основную группу (<italic>n</italic>=219) вошли пациентки, роды которых осложнились ранним послеродовым кровотечением, в группу контроля (<italic>n</italic>=219) — пациентки без послеродового кровотечения. Был сформирован список потенциальных факторов, определяющих риск развития кровотечения в послеродовом периоде (всего 38 параметров). Влияние каждого параметра на риск развития кровотечения оценивали на основании определения отношения шансов и 95% доверительного интервала, <italic>р</italic>-уровня статистической значимости, а также <italic>t</italic>-критерия Стьюдента. Для стратификации влияния признаков на развитие раннего послеродового кровотечения применяли метод логистической регрессии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В результате статистического анализа выявили 25 факторов, достоверно повышающих риск развития кровотечения. Установлено, что маловодие на момент госпитализации увеличивает риск послеродового кровотечения в 1,6 раза, многоводие — в 1,7 раза, преждевременное излитие околоплодных вод — в 1,7 раза, ожирение I степени — в 1,9 раза, ожирение II степени — в 2,2 раза, гестационный сахарный диабет — в 2 раза, рубец на матке после кесарева сечения или после миомэктомии — в 2,2 раза. Используя метод логистической регрессии и данные полученные при расчёте отношения шансов, удалось стратифицировать изложенные выше признаки и объединить их в единую шкалу, позволяющую оценить риск развития раннего послеродового кровотечения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Предложенная шкала стратификации риска послеродового кровотечения — своего рода система поддержки принятия врачебных решений в ургентной ситуации, позволяющая быстро и объективно оценить риск развития раннего послеродового кровотечения, своевременно предпринять меры по профилактике данного осложнения и улучшить материнские исходы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。早期产后出血是一种危及生命的严重并发症，需紧急救治并采用多学科协作模式。除产后出血的主要病因学因素（4T概念）外，其他多种因素亦可能影响其发生。对这些因素的研究有助于构建预测量表，实现个体化预防，并降低早期产后出血的发生风险。</p> <p>目的。本研究旨在明确影响早期产后出血发生的相关因素，对所获数据进行分层，并构建该并发症发生风险的计算量表。</p> <p>方法。采用回顾性病例–对照研究方法。研究组（n=219）为发生早期产后出血的产妇，对照组（n=219）为未发生产后出血的产妇。已形成潜在影响产后出血发生风险的因素清单 （共38项指标）。各因素对出血风险的影响通过比值比及其95%置信区间、p值及Student t检验进行评估。采用Logistic回归分析对各危险因素的影响进行分层。</p> <p>结果。统计分析结果表明，共有25项因素显著增加产后出血发生风险。入院时羊水过少使风险增加1.6倍，羊水过多增加1.7倍，胎膜早破增加1.7倍，I级肥胖增加1.9倍，II级肥胖增加2.2倍，妊娠期糖尿病增加2倍，既往剖宫产或子宫肌瘤剔除术后子宫瘢痕使风险增加2.2倍。基于Logistic回归分析方法及比值比计算所获得的数据，对上述指标进行了分层，并整合为一套统一的评分量表，用于评估早期产后出血发生风险。</p> <p>结论。所提出的产后出血风险分层量表可作为一种临床决策支持工具，在急诊情况下用于快速、客观评估早期产后出血的发生风险，从而及时采取预防措施并改善产妇结局。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>early postpartum hemorrhage</kwd><kwd>uterine atony–related postpartum hemorrhage</kwd><kwd>postpartum hemorrhage prediction</kwd><kwd>postpartum hemorrhage risk factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ранее послеродовое кровотечение</kwd><kwd>гипотоническое послеродовое кровотечение</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование послеродового кровотечения</kwd><kwd>факторы риска послеродового кровотечения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>早期产后出血</kwd><kwd>低张性产后出血</kwd><kwd>产后出血预测</kwd><kwd>产后出血危险因素</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Post SE, Rood KM, Kiefer MK. 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