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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Архив акушерства и гинекологии им. В.Ф. Снегирева</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-8726</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1386</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686423</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/aog686423</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TDAPOH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Chronic endometritis as a multifactorial cause of reproductive loss: current diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хронический эндометрит как мультифакторная причина репродуктивных потерь: современные диагностические критерии и терапевтические решения</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>慢性子宫内膜炎作为生殖损失的多因素病因： 现代诊断标准与治疗策略</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-4050</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4820-1340</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhtiyarov</surname><given-names>Kamil R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахтияров</surname><given-names>Камиль Рафаэльевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bakhtiyarov</surname><given-names>Kamil R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>doctorbah@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7414-2471</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8659-5885</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kapyrina</surname><given-names>Tatyana D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капырина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kapyrina</surname><given-names>Tatyana D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tatya-kapyri@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3447-2661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andrianova</surname><given-names>Dana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андрианова</surname><given-names>Дана Вадимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Andrianova</surname><given-names>Dana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tolkatcier@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>412</fpage><lpage>422</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-20"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-01-09"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/686423">https://archivog.com/2313-8726/article/view/686423</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronic endometritis is one of the most significant and relevant challenges in reproductive medicine. This disease is associated with reduced pregnancy rates and an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage and implantation failure in in vitro fertilization. Chronic endometritis is generally asymptomatic, which hiders timely diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes current knowledge on the pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic capabilities, and treatment strategies for chronic endometritis, as well as their impact on reproductive outcomes. The analysis was based on data from 27 publications for 2021–2025 retrieved from international and Russian databases, encompassing meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and original clinical studies. The leading pathogenetic factors of chronic endometritis include microbial dysbiosis characterized by polymicrobial associations, neutrophil hyperactivation with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, cytokine imbalance, and activation of the USF2/TREM1 and miR-92b/PTEN signaling pathways. These alterations impair endometrial receptivity and hinder successful embryo implantation. Although a histological examination identifying CD138+ plasma cells remains the diagnostic gold standard, variability in threshold values complicates interpretation. Diagnostic evaluation is further complemented by hysteroscopy and promising noninvasive methods, including artificial intelligence-based analysis of hysteroscopic images and serum biomarker assessment. Antibiotic therapy remains the mainstay of treatment, though its effectiveness is undermined by rising antimicrobial resistance. Modern therapeutic approaches involve the use of recombinant type III collagen and antifibrotic therapy, which improve endometrial structure and receptivity, increasing pregnancy rates up to 73.9%. This review highlights the need for standardization of diagnostic algorithms, integration of molecular technologies, and adoption of combined therapeutic regimens to enhance management efficacy in chronic endometritis and improve reproductive outcomes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Хронический эндометрит является одной из наиболее важных и актуальных проблем репродуктивной медицины. С данным заболеванием связаны снижение частоты наступления беременности, а также увеличение риска самопроизвольных выкидышей и неудач имплантации при ЭКО. Хронический эндометрит протекает латентно, что затрудняет своевременную диагностику и лечение. Обзор литературы посвящён систематизации современных представлений о патогенетических механизмах, диагностических возможностях и терапевтических подходах к хроническому эндометриту, а также оценке их влияния на репродуктивные исходы. Для анализа использовали данные 27 публикаций 2021–2025 гг. из международных и национальных баз, включающих метаанализы, систематические обзоры и оригинальные клинические исследования. Установлено, что ведущими патогенетическими факторами хронического эндометрита являются микробный дисбиоз с преобладанием полимикробных ассоциаций, гиперактивация нейтрофилов с образованием внеклеточных ловушек (NETs), цитокиновый дисбаланс и активация сигнальных каскадов USF2/TREM1 и miR-92b/PTEN. Эти изменения нарушают рецептивность эндометрия и препятствуют успешной имплантации эмбриона. Основой диагностики остаётся гистология с выявлением CD138+ плазматических клеток, однако вариативность пороговых значений затрудняет интерпретацию. Дополняют диагностику гистероскопия и перспективные неинвазивные методы: анализ гистероскопических изображений с помощью искусственного интеллекта и определение сывороточных биомаркеров. В терапии доминирует антибиотикотерапия, эффективность которой снижается на фоне роста резистентности. Современные подходы включают применение рекомбинантного коллагена III типа и антифиброзной терапии, что улучшает структуру и рецептивность эндометрия, увеличивая частоту наступления беременности до 73,9%. Обзор подчёркивает необходимость стандартизации диагностических алгоритмов, интеграции молекулярных технологий и внедрения комбинированного лечения для повышения эффективности коррекции хронического эндометрита и улучшения репродуктивных прогнозов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>慢性子宫内膜炎是生殖医学领域最重要且最具现实意义的问题之一。该疾病与妊娠率下降、自发流产风险增加以及体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF）中的胚胎植入失败密切相关。由于其临床过程潜伏、不典型，常导致诊断与治疗延迟。本文通过系统文献综述，整合慢性子宫内膜炎的发病机制、诊断方法和治疗策略的最新进展，并评估其对生殖结局的影响。分析基于2021–2025年间发表的27篇文献，这些文献来自国际与俄罗斯数据库，内容包括荟萃分析、系统综述及原创性临床研究。研究表明，慢性子宫内膜炎的主要发病因素包括以多菌群共存为特征的微生物失衡、中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网（NETs）的过度活化、细胞因子失衡，以及USF2/TREM1与miR-92b/PTEN信号通路的激活。这些改变可导致子宫内膜容受性下降并干扰胚胎着床。组织学检测CD138+浆细胞仍是诊断基础，但不同研究间的阈值差异增加了解释难度。辅助诊断方法包括宫腔镜检查，以及基于人工智能的宫腔镜影像分析和血清生物标志物等新兴无创技术。治疗方面，抗生素治疗仍占主导地位，但耐药性上升削弱了其有效性。现代治疗策略包括Ⅲ型重组胶原和抗纤维化治疗，可改善内膜结构与容受性，使妊娠率提高至73.9%。综述强调有必要对诊断算法进行标准化，整合分子技术，并实施联合治疗方案，以提升慢性子宫内膜炎的矫治效率并改善生殖预后。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic endometritis</kwd><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>endometrium</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>neutrophil extracellular traps</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>anti-bacterial agents</kwd><kwd>collagen type III</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический эндометрит</kwd><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>эндометрий</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>внеклеточные ловушки нейтрофилов</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>антибактериальные средства</kwd><kwd>коллаген III типа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>慢性子宫内膜炎</kwd><kwd>不孕症</kwd><kwd>子宫内膜</kwd><kwd>微生物群</kwd><kwd>中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网</kwd><kwd>细胞因子</kwd><kwd>抗菌药物</kwd><kwd>Ⅲ型胶原</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>McQueen D. 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