Spin waves in magnetic microstructures: magnon logic and information processing

Мұқаба

Дәйексөз келтіру

Толық мәтін

Ашық рұқсат Ашық рұқсат
Рұқсат жабық Рұқсат берілді
Рұқсат жабық Тек жазылушылар үшін

Аннотация

This paper presents a review of the current state of research in magnonics aimed at developing energy-efficient element base for information systems and technologies based on the effects of excitation, propagation and detection of spin waves in thin-film magnetic micro- and nanostructures. The progress achieved in the development of materials for spin waveguides, as well as in the methods of excitation, reception and control of spin wave propagation is discussed. Practical implementations of the effects of spin wave propagation in magnetic microstructures for constructing a number of logical keys, processing magnetic images, neuromorphic computing, ultra-high-frequency information processing devices and magnetic sensors, as well as problems that need to be solved for further development are considered.

Толық мәтін

Рұқсат жабық

Авторлар туралы

S. Nikitov

Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the RAS

Email: filimonov_sb@cplire.ru
Ресей, Mokhovaya Str., 11, build. 7, Moscow, 125009

Yu. Filimonov

Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the RAS

Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: filimonov_sb@cplire.ru

Saratov Branch

Ресей, Zelenaya Str., 38, Saratov, 410019

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2. Fig. 1. Examples of waveguide structures. Numbers 1 and 2 in the figures show the input and output converters of the WW. The selected direction of the external field H in the figures corresponds to the propagation of surface magnetostatic waves (SMWs) of Damon-Eshbach [160]. The exception is Fig. (d), where backward bulk magnetostatic waves (RBMSWs) propagate along the field H tangent to the film [78]. An example of structures supporting the propagation of forward bulk magnetostatic waves (FBMSWs) in films magnetized perpendicular to the surface is not shown in the figure. (a) – delay line on SMWs [50]. CoFeB film with a thickness d = 20 nm, waveguide width w = 5 μm, waveguide length 12 μm, copper U-shaped antennas with a width of 0.12 μm and a length of 10 μm are deposited on the surface using electron lithography, magnetron sputtering and lift-off process; (b) An example of coupled waveguides based on magnonic crystals made of YIG film, formed on a GGG substrate by laser ablation and chemical etching [55]. The intensity distribution of the MSSW in the plane of the structure is analyzed by the scattering of focused laser radiation on spin waves using the Mandelstam-Brillouin method (MBRS); (c) A current-controlled magnonic crystal based on a YIG film of modulated width [86]. When current I1,2 is passed through conductors A and/or B, the effective modulation of the waveguide width, determined by the parameters 2Am and Tm, changes, which is accompanied by changes in the spectrum of the magnonic crystal; (d) A variable-width waveguide [61]. The change in the mode composition of the waveguide and the wavelength of the MSSW during propagation along the axis is analyzed using the MBRS method; (e) Focusing of the MSSW by a coplanar converter [78]. The color scale illustrates the relative intensity of the MSSW in the plane of the film. (e) YIG(d = 14.5 μm)/Pt(9 nm) layered structure [117]. Numbers 3 and 4 show copper contacts to the Pt film used to measure the EMF generated in platinum during the propagation of the MSSW in the structure.

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3. Fig. 2. YIG(1000 nm)/SiO2(100 nm)/Si structures [208]. (a) – schematic of the delay line layout on the MSSW, (b) cross-section of the structure, (c) coplanar transducers for excitation and reception of the MSSW, (d) atomic force image of a section of the film surface, where a crater-like defect is visible in the lower part of the scan, (d) – transmission spectra of the MSSW in the “forward” (S21(f)) and “reverse” (S12(f)) directions of MSSW propagation, (e) comparison of the dispersion law of the MSSW with the calculation in the model of a single-layer film (1) and the model of two exchange-coupled YIG films (2).

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4. Fig. 3. YIG/AlOx/GaAs structure [209]. (a) Schematic representation of the structure, the experimental technique for revealing the light-induced “nonreciprocity” of the propagation of the AS and SS modes, and the corresponding field distribution over the thickness of the structure. The insets show images of the cross-section and a section of the surface of the structure. (b) Illustration of the correspondence between the results of measurement (dots) and calculation (lines) of the spin wave spectrum of the structure. The triangles show the results of measurement in the presence of infrared radiation. (c) The section of the spectrum corresponding to the AS and SS modes caused by infrared radiation.

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5. Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the interferometer [223] based on the MSSW and CoFeB(20 nm)/Ta(5 nm)/Ru(10 nm)/Ta(5 nm) waveguides, 20 μm wide and 100 μm long, obtained by sputtering, photolithography and ion etching on a SiO2 /Si substrate. The input 1 and output 2 U-shaped Ti(4 nm)/Au(100 nm) converters, 4 μm wide, are deposited on an insulating Al2O3 interlayer, 100 nm thick, using optical lithography, electron beam evaporation and the lift-off process. The MSSW phase was controlled by passing a direct current through the waveguides.

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6. Fig. 5. Dispersion laws of the PMSS (dashed lines) and OOMSS (solid lines) in films of permalloy (1), YIG (2) and Ga, Sc-substituted YIG (3) with a thickness of d = 100 nm and a field of H = 500 Oe and the parameters specified in Table 2. The inset shows the dispersion region for the SW with λ > 60 nm.

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7. Fig. 6. Examples of waveguide structures of SW. (a) Waveguide made of permalloy film formed using electron beam lithography and ion etching, with spin wave antennas located on top [222]; (b–g) structures based on epitaxial YIG films. (b) and (c) structures formed by laser ablation [249, 250], (d) Ψ-shaped structure obtained by micro sandblasting ablation [251], (d) Ψ-shaped waveguide structure formed by photolithography and chemical etching, the width of the waveguides is 1.5 mm [252]; (e) 2×2 magnon grating of waveguides 10 μm wide, 100 μm long, and 1 μm thick, formed using photolithography and ion etching [253]; (g) images of 1 µm and 50 nm wide waveguides formed using electron beam lithography and ion etching from a film with a thickness of d ≈ 39 nm [255].

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8. Fig. 7. Formation of microstructures on the YIG surface using magnetron sputtering and lift-off photolithography [170, 171]. The YIG film thickness is 75 nm. (a) The main stages of the process. (b) and (c) are examples of formed microstructures. The mark in Fig. (b) corresponds to 2 μm, in Fig. (c) – 10 μm and 20 μm for the right and left columns, respectively. (d) – X-ray diffraction spectrum of the structure in Fig. (b) [171].

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9. Fig. 8. Image of 3D magnonic structures obtained by ion-beam deposition of YIG film on profiled GGG substrates [258]. Figures (a), (b), (c) correspond to a single-layer YIG film with a thickness of 155 nm. Figure (c) is an enlarged image of the step region highlighted by a circle in figure (a). Figure (d) is a cross-section of a 12-layer YIG(4 nm)/GGG(12 nm) structure [259].

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10. Fig. 9. Types of antennas used to study the propagation of spin waves in waveguides. [226]: (I) curve 1 – dependence on the wave number k of the excitation efficiency of the MSSWs by gold nanostrip antennas (in the inset to Fig. (1) designated as NSL1,2) of width w = 128 nm, thickness 100 nm, formed using electron beam lithography, magnetron sputtering and lift-off process on the surface of a CFMS (Co2Mn0.6Fe0.4Si) waveguide 50 nm thick and coated with an insulating layer of Al2O3 (15 nm). 2 – dispersion law of the MSSWs in the CFMS film at H = 100 Oe. The filled area marks the excited frequency band, which corresponds to the interval of wave numbers Δk; [226]: (II) Dependence of the excitation efficiency of the CPW by a converter based on a coplanar waveguide (CPW) with a signal line width of 180 nm and ground lines of 200 nm. [225] (III) – 110 nm thick gold antennas of the meander type based on coplanar waveguides on the surface of a Py microwave guide with a width of 2 μm and a thickness of 190 nm. From Figs. A, B, C it is evident that the position of the maximum excitation efficiency of the CPW shifts to the short-wave region with a decrease in the width of the period elements and an increase in the number of periods.

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11. Fig. 10. [284] (a) Schematic diagram of the experiment with a YIG film (36 nm or 100 nm thick) and magnetic coplanar waveguide transducers (mCPW1 and mCPW2). The distance between the mCPW centers is 35 μm. The angle θ corresponds to the direction of the magnetic field H relative to the mCPW axis. (b) Transmission spectra S21(f) at θ ≈ 88° and a magnetic field μ0H = 0.09 T in the models with non-magnetic (1) and magnetic (2) antennas. (c) cross-sectional image of mCPW Fe/Ti(5 nm)/Au(100 nm). Antennas with three values of Fe layer thickness were compared: 155 nm, 95 nm, and 17 nm. The width of the signal and ground lines was w = 2.1 μm, the air gap width was g = 1.4 μm, and the antenna length was ≈125 μm. (d) Dependence of the maximum measured wave number k and the minimum SW length λ on the field H for mCPW with different thicknesses of the magnetic layer Fe.

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12. Fig. 11. Converters based on coplanar waveguides (CPW) with variable geometry. [267] Coplanar converter with variable width of signal and ground lines (a) and the result of simulating the excitation of a CPW at a frequency at which the excitation efficiency of the “narrow” part of the CPW is maximum and minimum for the rest of the CPW (b). [268] Experiment to study the diffraction of SW during excitation of a CPW with variable geometry (c) and (d). In Fig. (d), curves kI and kII show the dispersion law and the excitation efficiency of SW by sections I and II of the CPW. Curve f(k) corresponds to the dispersion law. (e) – frequency dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients of SW in a model with a distance between antennas of D = 12 μm.

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13. Fig. 12. Excitation of the SW in a 300 nm wide and 20 nm thick Py microwave guide with nonlocal injection of spin current in the CoFe(8 nm)/Cu(20 nm)/Py(5 nm) structure [300]. Geometry of the structure (a) and experimental setup (b). Distribution of the scattered light intensity in the plane of the structure (c) and along the waveguide (d). (d) – dependence of the mean free path of the SW in the waveguide ξ on the injected current I and the matching coefficient of the waveguide with pumping from the point contact region.

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14. Fig. 13. [311] Butterfly-shaped spin-Hall nanooscillator with a constriction of ≈20 nm. (a) The structure under study with the layer thickness indicated and the coordinate system associated with the structure. The angles θ and φ characterize the orientation of the magnetic field. (b) Scanning electron microscope image of the constriction region. Figures (c)–(e) are two-dimensional SHNO lattices [312]. Dependences of the generator linewidth (c), output power (d), and critical current (e) on the number of spin-Hall oscillators N2. The insets to Figures (c) and (e) are micrographs of NxN spin-Hall nanooscillator lattices based on the layered structure Pt(5 nm)/Hf(0.5 nm)/Py(4.5 nm) [312]. The inset to Figure (c) shows the lattice period (p) and the distance between the holes (w) in the lattice. The arrow also shows the direction of the current I and the magnetic field H. The curves in the figures correspond to lattices with different values of the parameters w and p, indicated in Figures (c) and (d).

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15. Fig. 14. Excitation of SHNO spin waves in nanowaveguides. (a) [314] Schematic diagram of the experiment and a Py(15 nm)/Pt(5 nm) waveguide nanostructure with a width of 180 nm and a length of 4 μm. The inset shows an image of a waveguide section with a groove. SWs were generated in the region of the groove with a depth of 10 nm and a width of 200 nm. Figures (b1–b4) [315]. Generation of SWs in a YIG(30 nm)/Pt(5 nm) nanowaveguide with a width of 200 nm: (b1) schematic diagram of the experiment and micrograph of the structure; (b2) and (b3) dependence of the spectrum of the generated signal on the current in the Pt film; (b4) calculated and measured SW spectra of the nanowaveguide. The inset shows the distribution of the edge (EM) and bulk (BM) modes of the waveguide.

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16. Fig. 15. Image of structures obtained using an electron scanning microscope of a structure with an exciting antenna due to spin-polarized current (a) and an induction antenna (b). The signal is received by the induction antenna. (c) schematic image of a structure with excitation by spin-polarized current [240].

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17. Fig. 16. (a) Schematic representation of the structure and scheme of the experiment on striction excitation of spin waves in a structure with voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy [107]; (b) schematic representation of the magnetization orientation (Ms), the direction of the PMA field (Hp) and its microwave component hrf; (c) dependence of the converter efficiency on the wave number of the MSSW; (d) and (e) – images of the schemes for excitation of the MSSW using microwave electric and magnetic fields, respectively; (e) experimental results of measuring the dependence of the MSSW amplitude on the traveled distance x μm for two values of the magnetic field; (g) results of modeling the amplitude of a traveling MSSW upon excitation by converters (d) and (e) [107].

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18. Fig. 17. [352] Propagation of SW in waveguides (a, b, d, g) based on a grating of permalloy diamond-shaped nanoparticles (see the inset to Fig. (c)). The SW were excited by a 1 µm wide antenna. The frequency dependences of the output signal amplitude (b, f, i) were studied by the MBRS method on the section of the waveguide with the highlighted spot. In column I of Fig. (c), numbers 1 and 2, respectively, are given the frequency dependences of the MBRS spectrum for a waveguide made of nanoparticles (a) and a composite waveguide made of a continuous film and a grating (b). Column II in Fig. (d) is a two-dimensional map of the scattered light intensity distribution in the region of the waveguide bend, highlighted by the light line in Fig. (d). Column III (g) is a grating with a “defect”. In Fig. (z) and (i), respectively, magnetic force images of waveguides with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic distribution of magnetization on the defect are shown. The numbers "1" and "0" in Fig. (k) show the amplitudes of the MBRS for the ferromagnetic (3) and antiferromagnetic (i) directions of magnetization of the "defect".

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19. Fig. 18. Logical switch with majority function implemented on the interference of MSSWs in CoFeB film [50]: (a) schematic view of the delay line (DL) of the MSSW based on a CoFeB waveguide of width w ≈ 5 μm. Input 𝐼1,2,3 antennas in the form of asymmetric coplanar U-shaped converters and the output antenna (O) in the form of a single microstrip. The direction of MSSW propagation is shown by wavy lines; (b) schematic cross-section of the structure, where from top to bottom the TiAu antenna is then SiNx(40 nm)/Ta(3 nm)/CoFeB(30 nm)/Ta(3 nm)/SiO2(300 nm)/Si(100); (c) photograph of the DL layout, the vertical light lines indicate the width of the CoFeB film; (d) experimental layout with feeder lines to antennas and contact landings for landing microprobes; (d) truth table of the majority key and results of the experiment on measuring the frequency dependence of the phase of the output (O) signal ΔIm𝑆1+2+3,4 depending on the phase of the signal on antennas 𝐼1,2,3. For a frequency band of 200 MHz at a field of H = 500 Oe, a clear separation of the nature of the superposition of the signals of the SMW of the "strong" (S) "weak" (W) majority is observed on the output converter.

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20. Fig. 19. Microwave device prototypes based on spin waves in microstructures (a) spin-wave multiplexer [351] based on Y-shaped permalloy waveguides 2 μm wide and 30 nm thick and coplanar antennas with a linewidth and gap of 3 μm; (b) splitter with spatial frequency resolution using the effects of anisotropic microwave propagation based on CoFeB film [348]; (c) directional coupler [60] based on YIG waveguides 350 nm wide and 85 nm thick and U-shaped antennas 500 nm wide and 1 μm wide; (d) prototype holographic memory on a 2x2 lattice of YIG waveguides 3 mm long, 350 μm wide, 3.5 μm thick and microstrip antennas 30 μm wide [133]; (d) a magnetometer based on a Mach-Zehnder type SW interferometer made of two intersecting orthogonal SW waveguides 350 μm wide and 3 mm long made of a 3.5 μm thick YIG film [352].

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21. Fig. 20. Broken lines 1 and 2, respectively, show the energy costs for the operation of logic circuits based on spin-wave gate (SWD) and CMOS (10 nm) technologies. The arrangement of the chips from bottom to top reflects the growth of the chip size. The table provides an explanation of the abbreviations. The energy efficiency of SWD chips was assessed in the approximation of excitation by spin striction converters, similar to [230, 107].

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22. Fig. 21. Microwave device layouts based on spin waves in microstructures (a) spin-wave multiplexer [388] on Y-shaped permalloy waveguides 2 μm wide, 30 nm thick and coplanar antennas with a linewidth and gap of 3 μm; (b) splitter with spatial frequency resolution using the effects of anisotropic microwave propagation based on CoFeB film [389]; (c) directional coupler [60] based on YIG waveguides 350 nm wide, 85 nm thick and U-shaped antennas 500 nm wide and 1 μm wide; (d) prototype holographic memory on a 2x2 lattice of YIG waveguides 3 mm long, 350 μm wide, 3.5 μm thick and microstrip antennas 30 μm wide [133]; (d) a magnetometer based on a Mach-Zehnder type SW interferometer made of two intersecting orthogonal SW waveguides 350 μm wide and 3 mm long made of a 3.5 μm thick YIG film [381].

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